The Relationship Between Self-Regulatory Failure and Depression, Anxiety Symptoms: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.01.017

Abstract

Abstract:

To explore the relationship between self-regulatory failure and symptoms of depression and anxiety, a total sample of 200 college students with different self-regulation orientations (100 promotion focused participants and 100 prevention focused participants) were recruited to complete the survey at three time points with six months intervals (T1, T2, T3). The results showed that: 1) The promotion focused group had lower depressive, anxiety and self-regulation failure scores than those in the prevention focused group at T1 and T3. 2) Promotion focused failure and prevention focused failure at T2 both positively predicted the occurrence of depressive and anxiety symptoms at T3. 3) Depressive symptoms were associated with promotion focused failure; anxiety symptoms were associated with prevention focused failure. 4) Promotion focused failure at T2 mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms at T1 and anxiety and depressive symptoms at T3; prevention focus failure mediated the relationship between anxiety symptoms at T1 and secondary depressive and anxiety symptoms at T3. These findings provide empirical support for the validity of self-regulation theory, especially in explaining and predicting the occurrence and development of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Key words: self-regulation, regulation focused theory, depression, anxiety

摘要：

对200名不同调节定向的大学生进行为期6个月的追踪调查以探索长期自我调节失败与抑郁和焦虑症状及两者共存的关系。结果发现：(1)促进定向组在抑郁、焦虑以及自我调节失败得分上低于预防定向组；(2)控制基线期抑郁和焦虑症状，促进和预防定向系统的自我调节失败均可正向预测3个月后抑郁–焦虑症状共存；(3)抑郁症状的维持和发展与促进目标失败有关，焦虑症状的维持和发展与预防目标失败有关；(4)基线期抑郁不仅通过促进目标失败程度来维持和发展，还通过促进和预防目标失败程度来正向预测继发的焦虑；基线期焦虑不仅通过预防目标失败程度来维持和发展，还能正向预测继发的抑郁。

关键词: 自我调节, 调节定向理论, 抑郁, 焦虑

CLC Number:

B849

Xueling YANG, Qiaofen ZHANG, Huiqi WANG, Xiyuan SUN, Peiyi CHEN, You WANG. The Relationship Between Self-Regulatory Failure and Depression, Anxiety Symptoms: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(1): 116-122.

杨雪岭, 张桥芬, 王慧琪, 孙熙原, 陈佩儀, 王优. 自我调节失败与抑郁和焦虑症状的关系：纵向追踪研究[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2023, 21(1): 116-122.

Figures/Tables 5

References

	温忠麟, 叶宝娟中介效应分析: 方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22 (5): 731- 745.
	杨文辉, 刘绍亮, 周烃, 彭芳, 刘细梅, 李莉, … 蚁金瑶贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版在青少年中的信效度. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2014, 22 (2): 240- 245.
	杨雪岭, 杨彩燕, 陈佩儀, 孙熙原, 王优医学生自我调节定向与抑郁焦虑症状和自杀风险之间的关系. 中国学校卫生, 2020, 41 (9): 1354- 1357.
	杨雪岭, 赵静波, 盛秋萍, 何晨琪, 赵久波自我控制能力训练对大学生抑郁症的改善作用. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2018, 32 (2): 89- 94.
	姚琦, 乐国安, 伍承聪, 李燕飞, 陈晨调节定向的测量维度及其问卷的信度和效度检验. 应用心理学, 2008, 14 (4): 318- 323.
	郑健荣, 黄炽荣, 黄洁晶, 庄香泉, 王得宝, 郑淑仪, … 吴基安贝克焦虑量表的心理测量学特性、常模分数及因子结构的研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2002, 10 (1): 4- 6.
	周浩, 龙立荣共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 2004, 12 (6): 942- 950. DOI
	Adams, G. C., Balbuena, L., Meng, X. F., & Asmundson, G. J. G. When social anxiety and depression go together: A population study of comorbidity and associated consequences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2016, 206, 48- 54. DOI
	Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988, 56 (6): 893- 897. DOI
	Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1996, 67 (3): 588- 597. DOI
	Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., & Joormann, J. Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and vulnerability to depression: What depression has in common with impulsive aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 2008, 134 (6): 912- 943. DOI
	Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
	Chester, D. S., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., Powell, D. K., Andersen, A. H., & DeWall, C. N. How do negative emotions impair self-control? A neural model of negative urgency. NeuroImage, 2016, 132, 43- 50. DOI
	Gillebaart, M. The ‘Operational’ definition of self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018, 9, 1231. DOI
	Higgins, E. T. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 1997, 52 (12): 1280- 1300. DOI
	Higgins, E. T. Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 2006, 113 (3): 439- 460. DOI
	Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. Everyday temptations: An experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012, 102 (6): 1318- 1335. DOI
	Inzlicht, M., Werner, K. M., Briskin, J. L., & Roberts, B. W. Integrating models of self-regulation. Annual Review of Psychology, 2021, 72 (1): 319- 345. DOI
	Kalmbach, D. A., Arnedt, J. T., Swanson, L. M., Rapier, J. L., & Ciesla, J. A. Reciprocal dynamics between self-rated sleep and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adult women: A 14-day diary study. Sleep Medicine, 2017, 33, 6- 12. DOI
	Kessler, R. C., Sampson, N. A., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L., … Wilcox, M. A. Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 2015, 24 (3): 210- 226. DOI
	Klenk, M. M., Strauman, T. J., & Higgins, E. T. Regulatory focus and anxiety: A self-regulatory model of GAD-depression comorbidity. Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, 50 (7): 935- 943. DOI
	Kolańczyk, A., & Roczniewska, M. The affective self-regulation of covert and overt reasoning in a promotion vs. prevention mind-set. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2015, 46 (2): 228- 238. DOI
	Mah, L., Szabuniewicz, C., & Fiocco, A. J. Can anxiety damage the brain. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2016, 29 (1): 56- 63. DOI
	Miller, A. K., & Markman, K. D. Depression, regulatory focus, and motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 2007, 43 (3): 427- 436. DOI
	Molden, D. C., Hui, C. M., & Scholer, A. A. (2016). Understanding self-regulation failure: A motivated effort-allocation account. In E. R. Hirt, J. J. Clarkson, & L. L. Jia (Eds.), Self-regulation and ego control (pp. 425–459). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
	Powers, J. P., Moshontz, H., & Hoyle, R. H. Self-control and affect regulation styles predict anxiety longitudinally in university students. Collabra: Psychology, 2020, 6 (1): 11. DOI
	Strauman, T. J., & Eddington, K. M. Treatment of depression from a self-regulation perspective: Basic concepts and applied strategies in self-system therapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2017, 41 (1): 1- 15. DOI
	Strauman, T. J., McCrudden, M. C., & Jones, N. P. (2010). Self-regulation and psychopathology: Toward an integrative perspective. In J. E. Maddux & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 84–113). New York: The Guilford Press.
	Tiller, J. W. G. Depression and anxiety. Medical Journal of Australia, 2013, 199 (S6): 28- 31. DOI
	Woltin, K. A., Sassenberg, K., & Albayrak, N. Regulatory focus, coping strategies and symptoms of anxiety and depression: A comparison between Syrian refugees in Turkey and Germany. PLoS ONE, 2018, 13 (10): e0206522. DOI
	Yang, X. L., Zhao, J. B., Chen, Y., Zu, S. M., & Zhao, J. B. Comprehensive self-control training benefits depressed college students: A six-month randomized controlled intervention trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2018, 226, 251- 260. DOI

变量	促进定向组	预防定向组	t(df)	p	Cohen’s d
T1促进定向	25.98±1.20	19.53±3.78	16.28(118.70)	<0.001	2.30
T1预防定向	13.81±2.83	18.61±0.79	−16.33(114.33)	<0.001	2.31
T1抑郁	6.03±5.40	11.24±8.96	−4.98(162.62)	<0.001	0.70
T1焦虑	5.22±5.24	8.98±8.60	−3.74(163.72)	<0.001	0.53
T2促进目标失败程度	12.97±4.73	16.56±5.31	−4.99(188.97)	<0.001	0.71
T2预防目标失败程度	13.10±4.81	16.93±5.06	−5.41(191.74)	<0.001	0.78
T3促进定向	24.52±2.80	19.62±3.69	10.36(173.30)	<0.001	1.50
T3预防定向	14.32±2.72	17.61±1.40	−10.63(148.28)	<0.001	1.52
T3抑郁	5.82±6.15	10.98±9.91	−4.32(153.95)	<0.001	0.63
T3焦虑	5.42±6.20	10.03±10.24	−3.76(151.59)	<0.001	0.54

变量	促进定向组	预防定向组	t(df)	p	Cohen’s d
T1促进定向	25.98±1.20	19.53±3.78	16.28(118.70)	<0.001	2.30
T1预防定向	13.81±2.83	18.61±0.79	−16.33(114.33)	<0.001	2.31
T1抑郁	6.03±5.40	11.24±8.96	−4.98(162.62)	<0.001	0.70
T1焦虑	5.22±5.24	8.98±8.60	−3.74(163.72)	<0.001	0.53
T2促进目标失败程度	12.97±4.73	16.56±5.31	−4.99(188.97)	<0.001	0.71
T2预防目标失败程度	13.10±4.81	16.93±5.06	−5.41(191.74)	<0.001	0.78
T3促进定向	24.52±2.80	19.62±3.69	10.36(173.30)	<0.001	1.50
T3预防定向	14.32±2.72	17.61±1.40	−10.63(148.28)	<0.001	1.52
T3抑郁	5.82±6.15	10.98±9.91	−4.32(153.95)	<0.001	0.63
T3焦虑	5.42±6.20	10.03±10.24	−3.76(151.59)	<0.001	0.54

结果变量	预测变量	R²	B	SE	β	t
T3抑郁	T2促进目标失败程度		0.83	0.09	0.52	9.40***
(连续性变量)	T1抑郁	0.73	0.40	0.05	0.37	8.29***
	T2预防目标失败程度		0.19	0.09	0.12	2.25*
T3焦虑	T2预防目标失败程度		0.71	0.10	0.43	7.28***
(连续性变量)	T1焦虑	0.68	0.58	0.06	0.49	9.64***
	T2促进目标失败程度		0.37	0.10	0.23	3.79***
	T1抑郁		−0.22	0.06	−0.19	−3.59***

结果变量	预测变量	R²	B	SE	β	t
T3抑郁	T2促进目标失败程度		0.83	0.09	0.52	9.40***
(连续性变量)	T1抑郁	0.73	0.40	0.05	0.37	8.29***
	T2预防目标失败程度		0.19	0.09	0.12	2.25*
T3焦虑	T2预防目标失败程度		0.71	0.10	0.43	7.28***
(连续性变量)	T1焦虑	0.68	0.58	0.06	0.49	9.64***
	T2促进目标失败程度		0.37	0.10	0.23	3.79***
	T1抑郁		−0.22	0.06	−0.19	−3.59***

结果变量	预测变量	Cox & Snell R²	B	SE	Wals	Exp(B)
T3抑郁焦虑症状共存	T2促进目标失败程度		0.41	0.12	11.45	1.50***
(二分类变量)	T2预防目标失败程度	0.34	0.26	0.10	6.30	1.30*
	T1焦虑		0.13	0.05	7.38	1.14**