Positive Moral Emotion and Altruistic Behaviours in the Network: The Effect of Moral Elevation and Promotional Regulatory Focus

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.013

Abstract

Abstract:

Nine hundred and forty-one college students were investigated by using a self-designed Online Positive Moral Emotion Questionnaire, Moral Elevation Scale, Regulatory Focus Questionnaire, and Online Altruistic Behaviour Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) The Online Positive Moral Emotion Questionnaire and its two dimensions of online news and online behaviour had good reliability and validity. 2) Online positive moral emotion and its dimensions positively correlated with online altruistic behaviour. Online news was associated with higher positive moral emotion than online behaviour, and positive moral emotion predicted stronger online altruistic behaviour. 3) Moral elevation mediated the relationship between online positive moral emotion with its dimensions and online altruistic behaviour. 4) Promotional regulatory focus regulated the mediating effect of positive moral emotion with its behavioural dimension but did not regulate the mediating effect of online news on positive moral emotion.

Key words: online positive moral emotions, moral elevation, promotional regulatory focus, online altruistic behaviour

摘要：

通过问卷调查法，采用自编的网络积极道德情绪问卷、道德提升感量表、特质性促进定向问卷、网络利他行为问卷对941名大学生进行调查。结果表明：(1)网络积极道德情绪问卷具有较好的信效度，包括新闻与行为两个维度。(2)网络积极道德情绪及其维度均与网络利他行为正相关。网络新闻引起的积极道德情绪更高，网络行为积极道德情绪对网络利他行为预测力更强。(3)道德提升感在网络积极道德情绪及其维度与网络利他行为之间具有中介效应。(4)特质性促进定向调节了网络积极道德情绪及其行为维度的中介效应，对新闻维度的中介效应不起调节作用。

关键词: 网络积极道德情绪, 道德提升感, 促进定向, 网络利他行为

CLC Number:

B849

Ling LIU, Yingchun HAN, Xiaoling HE. Positive Moral Emotion and Altruistic Behaviours in the Network: The Effect of Moral Elevation and Promotional Regulatory Focus[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 667-674.

刘灵, 韩迎春, 贺晓玲. 网络中积极道德情绪与利他行为：道德提升感与特质性促进定向的作用[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2023, 21(5): 667-674.

Figures/Tables 6

References

	丁迈, 陈曦. (2009). 网络环境下的利他行为研究. 现代传播, (3), 35–37, 31.
	黄玺, 梁宏宇, 李放, 陈世民, 王巍欣, 林妙莲, 郑雪. 道德提升感: 一种提升道德情操的积极道德情绪. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26 (7): 1253- 1263.
	梁剑平, 郭蕾蕾, 刘招斌. (2020). 偶发的敬畏情绪会激励人们捐赠吗? 东北大学学报(社会科学版), 22(4), 38–46.
	马费成, 宋恩梅, 赵一鸣. (2018). 信息管理学基础 (第3版). 武汉: 武汉大学出版社.
	马惠霞, 刘慧芳, 翟永芳, 李桂芳. 《青少年自我意识情绪测验》的修订及信度效度验证. 心理与行为研究, 2019, 17 (2): 240- 245.
	吴鹏, 范晶, 刘华山. 道德情绪对网络助人行为的影响——道德推理的中介作用. 心理学报, 2017, 49 (12): 1559- 1569.
	薛可, 许桂苹, 罗晨辰, 赵袁军. 自然灾害中网络报道对大学生利他行为意愿的影响——信源可信度与信息质量的相互作用. 浙江学刊, 2018, (2): 105- 112.
	闫放, 闫欢. 突发公共事件传播中敬畏情绪的社会记忆重构. 现代传播, 2017, 39 (2): 55- 58. DOI
	杨阳, 王杰. (2020). 情绪因素影响下的突发事件网络舆情演化研究. 情报科学, 38(3), 35–41, 69.
	乐国安, 董颖红. 情绪的基本结构: 争论、应用及其前瞻. 南开学报(哲学社会科学版), 2013, (1): 140- 150.
	张姝玥, 赵峰, 彭春花, 王军利, 徐科朋. 积极道德情绪和年龄对3~5岁幼儿安慰行为的影响. 心理科学, 2021, 44 (3): 575- 582.
	郑显亮, 祝春兰, 顾海根. 大学生网络利他行为量表的编制. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2011, 19 (5): 606- 608.
	朱一杰, 金盛华, 万薇洁, 李玲. 道德自我形象对亲社会行为的影响: 调节定向的调节作用. 心理科学, 2017, 40 (2): 421- 428.
	Algoe, S. B., & Haidt, J.. Witnessing excellence in action: The ‘other-praising’ emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2009, 4 (2): 105- 127. DOI
	Avnet, T., & Higgins, E. T.. How regulatory fit affects value in consumer choices and opinions. Journal of Marketing Research, 2006, 43 (1): 1- 10. DOI
	Cornwell, J. F. M., & Higgins, E. T.. The “ought” premise of moral psychology and the importance of the ethical “ideal”. Review of General Psychology, 2015, 19 (3): 311- 328. DOI
	Cox, K. S.. Elevation predicts domain-specific volunteerism 3 months later. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2010, 5 (5): 333- 341. DOI
	Cunningham, M. R. (1978). A dual process interpretation of the effects of positive mood and guilt on helping behavior (Unpublished doctorial dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
	Ding, W., Wang, X. Z., Sun, B. H., & Li, W. J.. The structure and measurement of the moral elevation. Advances in Psychology, 2014, 4 (6): 777- 787. DOI
	Etxebarria, I., Ortiz, M. J., Apodaca, P., Pascual, A., & Conejero, S.. Pride as moral motive: Moral pride and prosocial behaviour / El orgullo como motivación moral: Orgullo moral y conducta prosocial. Infancia Y Aprendizaje, 2015, 38 (4): 746- 774. DOI
	Falkenberg, I., Bartels, M., & Wild, B.. Keep smiling! Facial reactions to emotional stimuli and their relationship to emotional contagion in patients with schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 2008, 258 (4): 245- 253.
	Ferrer, R. A., Grenen, E. G., & Taber, J. M.. Effectiveness of internet-based affect induction procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Emotion, 2015, 15 (6): 752- 762. DOI
	Freud, S. (2002). Civilization and its discontents (D. McLintock, Trans.). London: Penguin Classics.
	Haidt, J. (2000). The positive emotion of elevation. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1), 3.
	Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
	Higgins, E. T.. Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1998, 30, 1- 46.
	Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A.. Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2001, 31 (1): 3- 23. DOI
	Idson, L. C., Liberman, N., & Higgins, E. T.. Distinguishing gains from nonlosses and losses from nongains: A regulatory focus perspective on hedonic intensity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2000, 36 (3): 252- 274. DOI
	Immordino-Yang, M. H., McColl, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A.. Neural correlates of admiration and compassion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106 (19): 8021- 8026. DOI
	Kappas, A. (2017). The psychology of (cyber)emotions. In J. A. Holyst (Ed.), Cyberemotions (pp. 37–52). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
	Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T.. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111 (24): 8788- 8790. DOI
	Krämer, N., Eimler, S. C., Neubaum, G., Winter, S., Rösner, L., & Oliver, M. B.. Broadcasting one world: How watching online videos can elicit elevation and reduce stereotypes. New Media & Society, 2017, 19 (9): 1349- 1368.
	Kristjánsson, K.. Emotions targeting moral exemplarity: Making sense of the logical geography of admiration, emulation and elevation. Theory and Research in Education, 2017, 15 (1): 20- 37. DOI
	McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266.
	Paramita, W., Septianto, F., & Tjiptono, F.. The distinct effects of gratitude and pride on donation choice and amount. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2020, 53, 101972. DOI
	Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D.. Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015, 108 (6): 883- 899. DOI
	Pohling, R., Diessner, R., & Strobel, A.. The role of gratitude and moral elevation in moral Identity development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2018, 42 (4): 405- 415. DOI
	Prade, C., & Saroglou, V.. Awe’s effects on generosity and helping. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2016, 11 (5): 522- 530. DOI
	Pressgrove, G., Barra, C., & Janoske, M.. Using stops to predict prosocial behavioral intentions: Disentangling the effects of passive and active communicative action. Public Relations Review, 2020, 46 (4): 101956. DOI
	Rudd, M., Vohs, K. D., & Aaker, J.. Awe expands people’s perception of time, alters decision making, and enhances well-being. Psychological Science, 2012, 23 (10): 1130- 1136. DOI
	Rudolph, U., & Tscharaktschiew, N.. An attributional analysis of moral emotions: Naïve scientists and everyday judges. Emotion Review, 2014, 6 (4): 344- 352. DOI
	Schnall, S., & Roper, J.. Elevation puts moral values into action. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2012, 3 (3): 373- 378. DOI
	Schwartz, S. H.. Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1977, 10, 221- 279.
	Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. In M. Csikszentmihalyi (Ed.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 279–298). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
	Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C.. Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985, 48 (4): 813- 838. DOI
	Van de Ven, N., Archer, A. T. M., & Engelen, B.. More important and surprising actions of a moral exemplar trigger stronger admiration and inspiration. The Journal of Social Psychology, 2019, 159 (4): 383- 397. DOI

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1.性别	0.43	0.50
2.网络积极道德情绪	6.07	0.73	−0.10**
3.网络新闻积极道德情绪	6.53	0.76	−0.04	0.76**
4.网络行为积极道德情绪	5.62	1.02	−0.11**	0.88**	0.34**
5.道德提升感	4.20	0.61	−0.09**	0.51**	0.41**	0.43**
6.特质性促进定向	3.29	0.64	0.04	0.28**	0.19**	0.27**	0.30**
7.网络利他行为	2.17	0.66	0.11**	0.30**	0.18**	0.30**	0.31**	0.60**

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1.性别	0.43	0.50
2.网络积极道德情绪	6.07	0.73	−0.10**
3.网络新闻积极道德情绪	6.53	0.76	−0.04	0.76**
4.网络行为积极道德情绪	5.62	1.02	−0.11**	0.88**	0.34**
5.道德提升感	4.20	0.61	−0.09**	0.51**	0.41**	0.43**
6.特质性促进定向	3.29	0.64	0.04	0.28**	0.19**	0.27**	0.30**
7.网络利他行为	2.17	0.66	0.11**	0.30**	0.18**	0.30**	0.31**	0.60**

	预测变量	模型1 (网络利他行为)		模型2 (道德提升感)		模型3 (网络利他行为)
	预测变量	β	95%CI	β	95%CI	β	95%CI
网络积极道德情绪	性别	0.14***	[0.09, 0.20]	−0.04	[−0.10, 0.01]	0.15***	[0.10, 0.21]
	网络积极道德情绪	0.32***	[0.26, 0.37]	0.51***	[0.45, 0.56]	0.20***	[0.14, 0.26]
	道德提升感					0.22***	[0.15, 0.29]
网络积极道德情绪不同维度	性别	0.15***	[0.09, 0.21]	−0.05	[−0.10, 0.01]	0.16***	[0.10, 0.22]
	网络新闻积极道德情绪	0.09**	[0.03, 0.15]	0.30***	[0.23, 0.37]	0.02	[−0.04, 0.08]
	网络行为积极道德情绪	0.28***	[0.21, 0.33]	0.32***	[0.25, 0.38]	0.21***	[0.14, 0.27]
	道德提升感					0.23***	[0.16, 0.30]

	预测变量	模型1 (网络利他行为)		模型2 (道德提升感)		模型3 (网络利他行为)
	预测变量	β	95%CI	β	95%CI	β	95%CI
网络积极道德情绪	性别	0.14***	[0.09, 0.20]	−0.04	[−0.10, 0.01]	0.15***	[0.10, 0.21]
	网络积极道德情绪	0.32***	[0.26, 0.37]	0.51***	[0.45, 0.56]	0.20***	[0.14, 0.26]
	道德提升感					0.22***	[0.15, 0.29]
网络积极道德情绪不同维度	性别	0.15***	[0.09, 0.21]	−0.05	[−0.10, 0.01]	0.16***	[0.10, 0.22]
	网络新闻积极道德情绪	0.09**	[0.03, 0.15]	0.30***	[0.23, 0.37]	0.02	[−0.04, 0.08]
	网络行为积极道德情绪	0.28***	[0.21, 0.33]	0.32***	[0.25, 0.38]	0.21***	[0.14, 0.27]
	道德提升感					0.23***	[0.16, 0.30]

[1]	Haibo YANG, Xinyu ZHANG. Revision and Evaluation of Diagnostic Efficiency for the Simplified Chinese Version of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 658-666.
[2]	LIU Junjun, HE Xiaoyan, LI Song, RAN Guangming. Social Avoidance and Adolescents’ Suicide Ideation: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 675-681.
[3]	ZHAO Yilin, WANG Lanshuang, CHEN Lanshuang, MAO Yanhui, ZHANG Zhen. Perceived Characteristics of Neighborhood Greening and Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly: The Mediating Effect of Neighborhood Attachment and the Moderating Effect of Family Cohesion [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 682-690.
[4]	WANG Siyi, DING Wan, SONG Shengcheng, SUN Zhaoxing, XIE Ruibo, LI Weijian. The Effect of Peer and Teacher-Student Relationship on Academic Burnout of Vocational High School Students: The Chain Mediating Roles of Perceived Discrimination and Self-Compassion [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 691-697.
[5]	ZHANG Lan, HOU Jinqin, CHEN Zhiyan. Employee Proactive Personality and Workplace Well-Being: A Multilevel Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 698-704.
[6]	JIANG He, YE Huarong, ZHANG Liwei, WANG Xinjian. The Influence of Differential Leadership on In-Role Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Model [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 705-711.
[7]	TIAN Kexin, YIN Shanyan, WU Yiwen, HU Wenbin. The Relationship Between Positive Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in High School Students: Self-Construal as a Mediator and Social Comparison as a Moderator [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(5): 712-719.
[8]	Yang YANG, Yanan YANG, Shaojie QIU, Yingna LI, Yu LIU, Xuji JIA, Lin LIN. Trait Impulsivity and Its Relationship with Suicide Risk: Based on Latent Profile Analysis [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 564-572.
[9]	Haidong LIU, Zhijun YU, Baojuan YE, Qiang YANG. Family Cohesion and Depression: The Role of Social Anxiety and Gratitude [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 556-563.
[10]	Huilin ZANG, Qiang LI, Zhenjie ZHU, Hongkun ZHAI, Yuyu WANG. The Audience-Tuning Effect of Negative Stereotypes in Depression [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 549-555.
[11]	Zheng ZHANG, Xuexin LI. Fear of Negative Evaluation and Compulsive Buying: Materialism as a Mediator and Dispositional Awe as a Moderator [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 541-548.
[12]	Zhihong LIU, Ye ZHANG, Kai WANG, Qing XU. The Relationship Between Campus Exclusion and Adolescents’ Problematic Social Media Use: Based on Latent Moderated Structural Equation [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 533-540.
[13]	Xiaoying ZHANG, Yaqin LI, Xiting HUANG, Qing YANG. Longitudinal Effects and Mechanisms of Self-Concept on Occupational Calling in Prospective Teachers [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 524-532.
[14]	Liu YANG, Wei DU, Ping FANG, Yuan JIANG. The Development and Validation of Social Emotion Scale [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 446-453.
[15]	Hui PANG, Xiaonan JIN, Yuan JIANG, Ping FANG. The Development of People’s Social Risk Perception Scale [J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2023, 21(4): 440-445.