The Relationship Between Parent-Child Warmth Perception Discrepancies and Adolescent Internalizing Problems: A Response Surface Analysis

doi:10.12139/j.1672-0628.2026.02.007

Abstract

Abstract:

This study recruited 548 adolescents and their parents as participants to investigate the relationship between discrepancies in perceived parental warmth and adolescent internalizing problems, and the potential gender differences in this relationship, using binomial regression and response surface analysis. The results revealed that: 1) Parents generally perceived higher levels of warmth than their adolescents. 2) When perceptions were congruent, higher levels of warmth were associated with fewer adolescent internalizing problems. Whether paternal warmth increased or decreased, it was associated with elevated internalizing problems among boys. 3) When perceptions were incongruent, adolescents perceiving higher warmth than their parents, with a greater discrepancy, exhibited fewer internalizing problems. However, an increase in the perceived discrepancy between mothers and sons, regardless of the direction of the difference, was associated with an increase in adolescent internalizing problems. These findings reveal the complex role of consistency and discrepancy in perceived parental warmth in adolescent internalizing problems and their gender-specific patterns, extending the intergenerational stake hypothesis and the operational triad model, and providing insights for developing gender-specific mental health interventions and differentiated parenting strategies.

Key words: warmth, perception discrepancies, internalizing problems, adolescent, gender difference

摘要：

研究以548名青少年及其父母为被试，采用二项式回归与响应曲面分析探究温暖的亲子感知差异与青少年内化问题的关系及其父母及青少年性别差异。结果发现：(1)父母感知的温暖水平普遍高于青少年；(2)在感知一致时，温暖水平越高，青少年内化问题越少，但父亲温暖的上升或下降均会使男生内化问题增加；(3)在感知不一致时，青少年感知温暖高于父母且差异越大，内化问题越少；无论差异方向如何，母子感知差异增加均会使青少年内化问题上升。研究结果揭示了亲子感知温暖的一致性与差异性在青少年内化问题中的复杂作用及其性别特异化模式，拓展了代际利害假说和操作三元模型，为制定性别特异化的青少年心理健康干预方案及家庭教养策略提供了启发。

关键词: 温暖, 感知差异, 内化问题, 青少年, 性别差异

Xuerong FAN, Yifan DUAN, Xiaopei XING. The Relationship Between Parent-Child Warmth Perception Discrepancies and Adolescent Internalizing Problems: A Response Surface Analysis[J]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 2026, 24(2): 195-203.

樊雪戎, 段依凡, 邢晓沛. 温暖的亲子感知差异与青少年内化问题的关系：基于二项式回归的响应面分析[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2026, 24(2): 195-203.

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References 0

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变量	男 M(SD)	女 M(SD)	1	2	3	4	5
1.父亲报告父亲温暖	3.35(0.55)	3.35(0.61)		0.35***	0.31***	0.18**	−0.04
2.母亲报告母亲温暖	3.48(0.52)	3.55(0.48)	0.45***		0.16**	0.24***	−0.09
3.青少年报告父亲温暖	3.23(0.77)	3.03(0.86)	0.39***	0.29***		0.70***	−0.36***
4.青少年报告母亲温暖	3.41(0.65)	3.26(0.74)	0.36***	0.23***	0.74***		−0.32**
5.内化问题	0.27(0.35)	0.41(0.43)	−0.23***	−0.11	−0.46***	−0.40***

变量	男 M(SD)	女 M(SD)	1	2	3	4	5
1.父亲报告父亲温暖	3.35(0.55)	3.35(0.61)		0.35***	0.31***	0.18**	−0.04
2.母亲报告母亲温暖	3.48(0.52)	3.55(0.48)	0.45***		0.16**	0.24***	−0.09
3.青少年报告父亲温暖	3.23(0.77)	3.03(0.86)	0.39***	0.29***		0.70***	−0.36***
4.青少年报告母亲温暖	3.41(0.65)	3.26(0.74)	0.36***	0.23***	0.74***		−0.32**
5.内化问题	0.27(0.35)	0.41(0.43)	−0.23***	−0.11	−0.46***	−0.40***

	t	df	亲子报告差异的具体比例(%)
	t	df	父/母高	一致	青少年高
父亲−男生报告父亲温暖	2.67**	268	31	42	27
母亲−男生报告母亲温暖	1.69	268	31	39	30
父亲−女生报告父亲温暖	5.87***	278	42	36	23
母亲−女生报告母亲温暖	6.40***	278	38	44	18

	t	df	亲子报告差异的具体比例(%)
	t	df	父/母高	一致	青少年高
父亲−男生报告父亲温暖	2.67**	268	31	42	27
母亲−男生报告母亲温暖	1.69	268	31	39	30
父亲−女生报告父亲温暖	5.87***	278	42	36	23
母亲−女生报告母亲温暖	6.40***	278	38	44	18

	回归系数						响应面曲线分数
	b₀ (SE)	b₁ (SE)	b₂ (SE)	b₃ (SE)	b₄ (SE)	b₅ (SE)	a₁ (SE)	a₂ (SE)	a₃ (SE)	a₄ (SE)
因变量：内化问题
父亲温暖
男生	0.22*** (0.03)	−0.19*** (0.04)	−0.01 (0.04)	−0.01 (0.03)	0.03 (0.05)	0.14 (0.07)	−0.20*** (0.04)	0.16** (0.06)	−0.18** (0.06)	0.11 (0.11)
女生	0.36*** (0.04)	−0.15*** (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	−0.03 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.05)	−0.11* (0.05)	0.00 (0.05)	−0.19** (0.06)	0.06 (0.10)
母亲温暖
男生	0.23*** (0.03)	−0.17*** (0.04)	−0.02 (0.04)	0.03 (0.05)	−0.16 (0.08)	0.12 (0.07)	−0.19*** (0.05)	−0.01 (0.08)	−0.15* (0.08)	0.31* (0.15)
女生	0.38*** (0.03)	−0.19*** (0.05)	0.01 (0.05)	0.00 (0.05)	0.05 (0.08)	0.00 (0.07)	−0.18** (0.07)	0.05 (0.06)	−0.20* (0.08)	−0.05 (0.15)