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20 July 2013, Volume 11 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Evaluation of Face Trustworthiness and Its Relationship with Trust Propensity Xu Fen, Cai Weixiang, Ma Fengling, Wu Dingcheng 2013, 11(4):  433-439.  Abstract ( )   PDF (682KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By the trust evaluations of randomly generated 300 faces, we found that, participants rated the unfamiliar faces in different trustworthiness levels. Which suggested that initial trust was directly influenced by trustworthiness level based on facial features. This study showed the characteristics of face trust evaluation, and then further explored its relationships with trust propensity. Results showed that there were significant positive correlations between trust propensity and face evaluation, and the correlation was remarkable between the evaluation of untrustworthy faces and trust propensity. These results suggested that the trustworthiness of face and trust propensity were two important factors in the period of initial trust establishment.

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The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes Effect on Counting Units Wu Yanwen, Yang Long 2013, 11(4):  440-443.  Abstract ( )   PDF (441KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics It is usually thought that numbers are represented on a mental number line on which the progression of smaller to larger numbers occurs from left to right suggesting a spatial representation of numbers. The present research using Dehaene′s paradigm, ″thousand″ as the baseline, a rectangle-frame was firstly displayed in the center of the screen as fixation, then a counting unit was displayed in the center of fixation. The participant should classify the counting unit as quickly and accurately as possible. The results showed that:(1)There are the same mechanism to the Counting unit and digital processing, participants responded faster to the left-side decision for the small counting unit and faster to the right-side decisions for big counting unit. The data showed that SNARC effect appeared in the present experiment.(2)SNARC effect could arise not only in the numerical magnitude information processing of spatial representation; it also could appear in the order of representation on the space. These results suggested that the counting units are mapped onto the mental number line.

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The Modulation of Parafoveal Processing on Chinese Silent and Oral Reading Zang Chuanli, Zhang Manman, Yue Yinqi, Bai Xuejun, Yan Guoli 2013, 11(4):  444-450.  Abstract ( )   PDF (699KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous research has examined parafoveal processing during silent reading, but little is known about the role of these processes in oral reading. In the present study, by using moving window paradigm, we manipulated the parafoveal information available to readers by changing the size of a gaze-contingent moving window(a one-word window, a three-word window, and normal reading condition), and compared the role of parafoveal processing during Chinese silent and oral reading. The results showed that readers made longer and more fixations in oral reading compared to silent reading, as they required more attentional resources when reading aloud. More importantly, the availability of parafoveal information increased reading speed in both oral and silent reading. However, the effects of parafoveal information were larger in silent reading than in oral reading. Thus, the availability of parafoveal information modulates both oral and silent reading of Chinese.

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The Influence of Attentional Set And Stimulus Feature on Inattentional Blindness Zhang Hongying, Guo Yaning, Li Ying 2013, 11(4):  451-456.  Abstract ( )   PDF (623KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We used dynamic inattentional blindness paradigm in this study, showing three 2×2 between subjects experimental design, to explore the impact of attentional set and stimilus feature on inattentional blindness. The results showed that the features of unexpected objects and attended objects were independent of attentional set, while the similarity of unexpected objects and attended objects was based on the attentional set. Significant stimulus could be adjusted by the observers′ top-down attentional set. Although the significance of stimulus′ bottom-up increased the possibility of attentional capture, it would not always automatically capture attention. The most critical factors affecting the the probability of inattentional blindness were observers′ top-down attentional set.

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The Causal Relationship between Dialectical Thinking and Dialectical Emotions Liu Shuqing, Peng Kaiping, Fang Ping, Meng Yitan, Lin Zhuo 2013, 11(4):  457-462.  Abstract ( )   PDF (604KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Dialectical emotion refers to a mental state of an individual in which both positive and negative emotions to a stimulus co-occur. This study examined the relationship between dialectical thinking and dialectical emotions. First we selected the film clips which can induce dialectical emotions in study 1, and in study 2, then we used thinking prime method to change the degree of dialectical thinking in a short time, to explore whether the changeable degree of dialectical thinking could influence the intensity of dialectical emotions. The results showed that the thinking prime was effective, and the intensity of dialectical emotions between the two groups had a significant difference, and most of all, dialectical thinking does influence the intensity of dialectical emotions measured by general rating. This finding demonstrated the causal relationship between dialectical thinking and the intensity of dialectical emotions.

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The Perceptual Symbol Representation and Propositional Symbol Representation of Color Concept Zhang Changqing, Wang Ruiming, Xie Jiushu, Sun Xun 2013, 11(4):  463-469.  Abstract ( )   PDF (766KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using priming paradigm, this study explored the issue of whether the representation of color concept information was perceptual symbol representation or propositional symbol representation. Obvious color concept, namely color word, was used in experiment 1. The concept of hidden color was used in experiment 2, and the color information was hidden in the word. The results showed that the representation of obvious color concept was perceptual symbol representation, while propositional symbol representation existed in the representation of hidden color concept.

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Binary Advantages of Encoding and Retrieval in Survival Processing：Evidence form ERP Zhou Zongze, He Jinbo, Guo Yongyu 2013, 11(4):  470-477.  Abstract ( )   PDF (929KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Memory performance is better in survival processing procedure than other processing procedures, which is named as survival advantage of memory. All the former studies were behavioral studies, whereby the researchers could not identify in which stage of memory process the advantage lies. The present study applies the Event-related-potentials(ERP)technology to explore in which stage(s)the survival advantage occurs, with using the “Indirect study-recognition”paradigm. Through comparing the processing of survival scenario, moving scenario and pleasantness scenario in encoding and retrieval stages, we found that the DM effect is more significant in the survival scenario than the moving and pleasantness scenarios during the time window of 500ms-700ms. The ON effect is more significant in the survival scenario than the moving and pleasantness scenarios during the time window of 400ms-600ms. These results indicated that there were both encoding advantage and retrieval advantage during the survival processing.

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Learning Burnout and Its Relationship with Future Time Perspective and Achievement Goal Orientation among Middle School Students Song Guangwen, Bao Wanjie, He Wen′guang 2013, 11(4):  478-482.  Abstract ( )   PDF (580KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore learning burnout and its relationship with future time perspective and achievement goal orientation, 989 middle school students were tested. The results were as follows:(1)FTP had significantly positive correlation with performance-approach goal orientation, mastery-approach goal orientation and mastery-avoid goal orientation, whereas FTP had negative correlation with performance-avoid goal orientation and learning burnout. FTP was a good predictor for the subscale of achievement goal orientation;(2)There was a negative correlation between mastery-approach goal orientation and learning burnout, whereas there was a positive correlation between mastery-avoid goal orientation, performance-avoid goal orientation and learning burnout;(3)Mastery-approach goal orientation, mastery-avoid goal orientation and performance-avoid goal orientation had a intermediary function between FTP and learning burnout.

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The Development of Middle School Students′ Theory of Mind in Deontic Contexts Chen Youqing, Geng Haiyan 2013, 11(4):  483-489.  Abstract ( )   PDF (700KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Created two Deontic Contexts, Convention Domain and Personal Domain, which both contained the Deontic Rule of Explanation and The Deontic Rule of Punishment in both of them. In order to analyse the development of Middle School Students′ Theory of Mind, we investigated 176 Middle School Students′ judgement of actor′s and constitutor′s opinion, experience and behavioral tendency in Deontic Contexts stories. The results showed:(1)In comparison with conventional rules, the Middle School Students thought actor had more negative comprehension in the rule of Personal Domain, they tended to make his desire come ture.(2)As years go by, Middle School Students′ positive comprehension in the rule of Personal Domain were reduced; they inclined to satisfy own desire.(3)The Middle School Students thought teachers had more negative views to those who had violated the Deontic Rule of Explanation in Convention Domain, they made more punishment to thosewho had violated the Deontic Rule of Punishment.

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Self-Regulated Study of Students from Primary to High School: A developmental Study Su Dan, Song Juan, Fang Ping 2013, 11(4):  490-496.  Abstract ( )   PDF (720KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Self-regulated study referred to the regulation of cognition, emotion and activities during study, which is the focus of the domain of education nowadays. The vertical direction research used self-regulation study questionnaires to get the data of students from primary school to high school, in order to make the match of the data and the present models. The results are:(1)Model 2 fits for primary school students while model 1 and 4(better)are matched with the juniors. Model 4 is for the seniors.(2)For juniors, the ability of self-regulated study is quickly developing and it is the important period of its forming.(3)For seniors, meta-cognitive ability develops gradually and it is the main moderating variable of self-regulated study during this period.

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The Relationship between Career Commitment and Emotional Exhaustion of Preschool Teachers: the Mediating Role of Emotional Labor Sun Yang, Wang Yuan, Zhang Xiangkui 2013, 11(4):  497-502.  Abstract ( )   PDF (547KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to explore the relationship between career commitment and emotional exhaustion, as well as the mediating role of emotional labor in this link. 218 preschool teachers participated in the questionnaire investigation. The result revealed that:(1)career commitment had positive correlation with the expression of naturally emotion and deep acting, but negative correlation with surface acting and emotional exhaustion.(2)the expression of naturally emotion and deep acting were negatively correlated with emotional exhaustion, while surface acting was positive correlated with emotional exhaustion.(3)deep acting and surface acting partially mediated the association between career commitment and emotional exhaustion, but the expression of naturally emotion didn′t significantly mediat the association between career commitment and emotional exhaustion.

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Children′s School Readiness Assessment and the Prediction Function to School Adjustment Yu Tao, Gai Xiaosong 2013, 11(4):  503-510.  Abstract ( )   PDF (681KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to provide the basis for individualized, this study produces a Children′s School Readiness Assessment. It includes 49 items, divided into three subtests: developmental risks test, test for the type of temperament and self control test. The developmental risks test includes three dimensions: externalizing problems, internalizing problems and learning difficulties. Type of temperament test includes two dimensions: withdraw and approach. Self control test includes two dimensions: behavioral and emotional regulation. The reliability and validity of the test are acceptable. Follow-up study results showed that the questionnaire can predict children′s school adjustment a month later.

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The Development of Questionnaire on Perceived Mathematics Teacher Support for Middle School Students Chai Xiaoyun, Gong Shaoying 2013, 11(4):  511-517.  Abstract ( )   PDF (778KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The structure of perceived mathematics teacher support for middle school students was proposed according to theoretical analysis and open questionnaire investigation. Based on this structure, the questionnaire on perceived mathematics teacher support was developed. The preliminary questionnaire was administrated to 302 middle school students who were sampled from a junior and high middle school. With exploratory factor analysis, the result indicated that the structure of perceived mathematics teacher support consisted of affective support, autonomy support and cognitive support. Finally, reliability and confirmatory factor analysis was used to data base collected from 347 students. The result showed that the Cronbach α coefficients of the scale was 0.92, and the Cronbach α coefficient of three factors were ranged from 0.75 to 0.89. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire has good construct validity and the fit indexes are good. In addition, the questionnaire has high reliability and validity and it is a validate measurement to evaluate the perceived mathematics teacher support for middle school students.

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The Effect of Self-monitoring on Self-handicapping among College Students Li Yuan 2013, 11(4):  518-521.  Abstract ( )   PDF (467KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study explored the relationship between self-monitoring and self-handicapping among college students by questionnaire method. It was hypothesized that high self-monitors were more likely to use self-handicapping protection strategies, and those who often used self-handicapping protection strategies were more likely to be high self-monitors. The results revealed that self-monitoring was positively correlated with claimed self-handicapping, but not with behavioral self-handicapping, which suggested that self-monitoring had the predictive effect on claimed self-handicapping among college students.

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The Applicability of PWI-SC in China: Also Compared with Australian High School Students Ma Huixia, Bai Xuejun, Liu Lu, Ken Greenwood, Bingxin Wang 2013, 11(4):  522-528.  Abstract ( )   PDF (774KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the applicability of PWI-SC in Chinese high school students, and to compared with Australian high school students to investigate the cross-cultural differences, 522 Chinese students and 185 Australian students were compared with the scale of Chinese version of PWI-SC. The resuts were: The discrimination, reliability and validity of this questionnaire is applicable in Chinese students, but item 7 need to be revised. PWI of Chinese students was below that of Australian students(the former is 47-70, and the latter is 51-72). In different fields, in addition to current level of achievement, students in China in other aspects were significantly lower than Australian students. In different sessions, PWI of both Chinese and Australian junior high school was significantly higher than that of the secondary high school students, and the differences of PWI between junior and secondary high school students in both countries reflected in different aspects. In the age of the characteristics, the age differences of PWI of junior high school students were significant in both countries. Post hoc tests revealed that the basic trend of PWI of junior high school students in both countries was that the older in age, the lower in PWI. PWI of the junior high school students of fifteen years old was higher than others in China. The conclusion of the study is that PWI-SC is suitable for Chinese high school students. As growth of age, PWI of the high school students is decreased. PWI of Chinese high school students is lower than that of Australian junior high school students.

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Constructing and Validating of Educational Editors′ Competency Model Lin Zhong, Zhang Lijuan, Wang Anlin, Bi Haibin 2013, 11(4):  529-534.  Abstract ( )   PDF (676KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics According to the study in education publishing house editor job characteristics. Delphi(Delphi), the expert evaluation method, program editing competency questionnaire were used in the current study. Through the distribution of the 7 Education Press 301 editors questionnaire test, and the test data with factor analysis and the confirmatory analysis of method of systems analysis, we constructed education competency model. Research results show that, education competency by task orientation, ego orientation, interpersonal orientation in 3 aspects of the impact of 8 factors. The research for the education press excellent editors, selection and evaluation to provide a new theoretical basis.

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Altruistic Personality and Contingency Factors Influence Charitable Donations Decision-making: An Experiment Xie Ye 2013, 11(4):  535-540.  Abstract ( )   PDF (657KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Charitable donation is a typical prosocial behavior of human′s altruism. This study′s purposes are to examine the impact of altruistic personality and contingency factors on individual charitable donation decision-making. The results showed the main effects of altruistic personality, charitable organization effectiveness and peer effect to the monetary donation amount were all significant. As the ″personality″ hypothesis predicted, compared with low altruistic personality individuals, high altruistic personality individuals contributed more money. As the ″organization effectiveness″ hypothesis predicted, compared with individuals in ″scandals″ condition, individuals in ″achievements″ condition contributed more. As the ″peer effect″ hypothesis predicted, compared with individuals in ″passive″ condition, individuals in ″positive″ condition contributed more. Simple effect analysis indicated charitable organization effectiveness was more important to the high altruistic personality individuals′ attitude and contribution of donation, and peer effect was more important to the low altruistic personality individuals′ attitude and contribution. The current results suggest that altruistic personality do have effects on charitable donation decision-making, and contingency factors such as charitable organization effectiveness and peer effect also have dramatic effects on donation decision-making, and contingency factors have distinct effects on differential altruistic personality donators′ decision-making. These results have some practical implications. There are the needs for research on the mechanisms driving such effects.

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The Effect of Indirect Self-relevance and Debiasing strategies on Hindsight Bias in Legal Decision-making Peng Weiwei 2013, 11(4):  541-546.  Abstract ( )   PDF (645KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study aimed at investigating whether the influence of the indirect self-relevance hindsight bias, and the strategies to reduce hindsight bias in mock judges′ decision-making. A 3(debiasing strategy: hindsight group, alternative strategy and instructing strategy)× 3(indirect relevancy: irrelevancy, positive indirect relevancy and negative indirect relevancy)between-subjects design was adopted in the experiment. This experiment investigated the effect of hindsight bias with homemade questionaries of two different kinds of legal cases. The results suggested that compared with positive indirect relevancy and irrelevancy, more mock judges made legal decision to judge the existence of the fault of defendants′ actions in both legal cases, and assessed significantly higher value of severity of the fault in negative indirect relevancy. In mock judges′ decisions, the indirect self-relevance made hindsight bias to impact the admition of defendant′s faults, differently. Mean while, both stratedies were able to reduce hindsight bias in mock judges′ decision-making.

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Psychological Mechanisms and Moderators of the Disposition Effect in Stock Investment Decision Making Jiang Duo, Xu Fuming, Li Haijun, Xiang Peng, Luo Hanbing 2013, 11(4):  547-552.  Abstract ( )   PDF (563KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The disposition effect is a typical phenomenon in the stock investment. It refers to the tendency to sell assets that have gained value(winners)and to keep assets that have lost value(losers). Since concept of disposition effect was posed, researchers have explored the psychological mechanisms. They have found that the prospect theory, cognitive dissonance theory, overconfidence theory and regret theory can explain the causes of disposition effect. The prospect theory indicates investors are risk-aversion in the domain of gains and risk-seeking in the domain of losses. So they sell winners and hold losers. At the other hand, some researchers take cognitive dissonance theory to explain the disposition effect. Regret theory reveal the disposition effect is the result of pursuing pride and regret-aversion. At last, overconfidence theory illustrates the cause of disposition effect by bias that people always overestimate accuracy of prediction of the price of stock. Finally, this paper identifies the problems and suggests the direction of development on disposition effect in the future.

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Priming and Repetition Suppression: Review on Neural Mechanism of Priming Chen Hong, Guo Chunyan 2013, 11(4):  553-560.  Abstract ( )   PDF (713KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Priming refers to the improved processing of a repeated stimulus according to some behavioral measure. Repetition suppression refers to the decreased neural responses following stimulus repetition. Several researchers suggest that repetition suppression and priming are closely associated. Recent cognitive empirical evidence and theoretical arguments about priming and repetition suppression are reviewed on neural mechanism′s view. We evaluate the theoretical models in terms of their ability to account for the RS and priming, discuss implications of these models for interpreting experimental results. Based on brief comments on some theoretical arguments, future directions are suggested to reveal the special relationship between the priming and repetition suppression depending on the subdivision of specific priming components, at the same time, the united theoretical model is suggested to build on this subdivision, which includes neural mechanism of neuronal, repetition suppression and priming. This united theoretical model will be important for understanding the nature of priming.

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A Review of Studies on How Object-Based Attention was Influenced by Gestalt Principle Objects and Top-Down Fashion Liu Donglai, Wang Yonghui 2013, 11(4):  561-568.  Abstract ( )   PDF (812KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Object-based attention is typical in attention deployment. In most researches, it was found that object-based attention was affected not only by Gestalt principle object, but also by top-down fashion such as strategies and experience. This paper reviewed how Gestalt principle object and top-down fashion affected object-based attention respectively. Furthermore, we elaborated the studies on how attention deployment was affected by the influence induced by their interaction, based on which we put forward a direction for future research.

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Word-level Orthographic Representation of Chinese Compound Words Zhang Lingyan, Tian Zhaoxia, Jin Tan 2013, 11(4):  569-574.  Abstract ( )   PDF (750KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Whether Chinese compound words are represented in a decomposed way or as a whole in our mental lexicon is a long lasting heated debate in the literature. Theoretically, compound words can be accessed much faster as one unitary unit than as two decomposed units. Thus, it is not surprising that whole word representation was supported by several theoretical models. Empirically, both behavioral and eye movement studies call attention to the importance of compound words both in visual word processing and normal Chinese reading. Such evidence may suggest that Chinese compound words have word-level representations in the mental lexicon and are activated during word processing. However, these studies did not make a distinction among the three different kinds of word-level representations-phonological, semantic and orthographic representations, as suggested by The Constituency Model. Further examination of previous studies highlights some evidence that supports the independent existence of word-level phonological and semantic representations; yet few literatures addresses an independent orthographic representation at the word level. To fill up this research gap and paint a panorama picture of the mental representation of Chinese compound words, this article attempts to propose a number of possible methods to test it as well as analyzing factors that may affect experiments.