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20 March 2013, Volume 11 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Survey Research on College Students′ Brain Science Literacy Shen Deli, Ma Xie, Liu Juan, Zhang Manman, Bai Xuejun 2013, 11(2):  147-152.  Abstract ( )   PDF (865KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study used the college students brain science literacy questionnaire to investigate 1450 college students′ brain science literacy in tianjin. The results showed that:(1)The contemporary college students′ overall brain science literacy level is not satisfactory, especially the brain function, brain organization structure and brain-learning knowledge;(2)Books, Internet and television are important channels that college students obtain brain science knowledge;(3)Students′ degree of care on brain science was low;(4)The college students′ brain science literacy level is influenced by grade, gender、environment and the education level of parents.

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The Relationship between Family Functioning and Adolescents′ Self-Regulated Learning: The Mediation Role of Peer Norms Gaoli, Zhang Xiangkui 2013, 11(2):  153-157.  Abstract ( )   PDF (855KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A set of scales were conducted to explore the relationship between family functioning, peer norms and self-regulated learning. 913 adolescents participated in the investigation. The results show that, peer norms supporting academic excellence and their self-regulated learning scores decrease as grade increased. Moreover, the perceived family functioning has positive relation with peer norms, and peer norms has positive relation with self-regulated learning, and partly mediates the relationship between family functioning and self-regulated learning.

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The Relationship between Episodic Memory and Theory of Mind in Elementary School Students Zhao Jing, Su Yanjie 2013, 11(2):  158-163.  Abstract ( )   PDF (842KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Aimed to investigate the relationship between episodic memory and theory of mind, 111 Chinese elementary school students, which were in grade 4 to grade 6, finished the Theory of Mind Task and Episodic Task in two weeks. After controlling for their age, the regression analysis showed that both the pupils′ talking about others in remembering the past and imagining the future, and their talking about self in imaging the future, contributed to their performance of cognitive ToM. It also showed that pupils talking about others in remembering the past contributed to their performance of affective ToM. These results indicated that pupils′ theory of mind could be separated to be the cognitive ToM and affective ToM, and the relationship between episodic memory and cognitive ToM were different from the relationship between episodic memory and affective ToM.

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Dead Attitude of Senior Citizens and its Relationships with Depress and Social Support Zhou Xuemei, Xu Sheng, Chen Shan, Wu Jie 2013, 11(2):  164-169.  Abstract ( )   PDF (843KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics 516 valid questionnaires, filled in by senior citizens in Beijing and Tianjin, were collected via the questionnaire investigation, which used Death Attitude Profile-Revised(DAP-R), Depression Scale(CES-D)and Personal Resource Questionnaire 2000(PRQ2000). The results revealed that:(1)there were five dimensions of dead attitude, which were fear of death(DF), death avoidance(DA), neutral acceptance(NA), approach acceptance(AA)and escape acceptance(EA);(2) There were significant differences of scores in dimensions of NA and AA in gender, and there were significant differences of scores in dimensions of DF, NA and EA in education;(3)The depress were negatively correlated with NA, while positive correlations between depress and other four dimensions of dead attitude respectively. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between social support and NA, while a positive correlations between social support and NA.

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The Structure of Shame among College Students and Questionnaire Setting Li A′te, Wang Fengyan 2013, 11(2):  170-175.  Abstract ( )   PDF (863KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics On the basis of deep interviews and open-up investigations, the questionnaire about shame among college students is composed. According to exploratory factory analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the results showed that the structure of shame among college students under the eastern cultural background includes six factors, perform in three dimensions which are "moral and amoral", "self-discipline and he-discipline","correct and incorrect". The questionnaire, which is good in reliability and validity, can serve as a tool for measuring the shame among college students as it is strong in pertinence in doing so.

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ERP Old/New Effect of False Memory in Visual and Auditory Modalities Mao Weibin, Zhu Yongze 2013, 11(2):  176-183.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1175KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Modality effect in false memory was firstly reported and defined by Smith and Hunt in 1998, namely there is a lower false recognition to critical lures following visual presentation than following auditory presentation. The effect of modality in false memory was not only explored by using the DRM(Deese-Roediger-McDermott)paradigm on many written recall tests and on visual recognition tests, but also the different explanations on modality effect in false memory were put forward.In the present study, we recorded ERPs in retrieval phases to investigate the neurophysiological correlates of visual modality and auditory modality in retrieval processing of false memory with the DRM paradigm. The results showed that: 2 ERP old/new components were identified at retrieval in 300-500ms and 500-700ms, but there were different distribution between in visual modality and in auditory modality. The ERP results showed the different monitoring processes occurred in visual modality and auditory modality had important role in modality effect of false memory.

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Using the Multifactor Traits Implicit Association Test(MFT-IAT)to Measure Multidimensional Implicit Self-concepts Chen Jin, Liang Ningjian, Yang Fuyi, Yang Wensheng 2013, 11(2):  184-189.  Abstract ( )   PDF (835KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using Multifactor Traits Implicit Association Test(MFT-IAT), with subjects of 202 college students, this study measured the multidimensional implicit self-concepts of Tennessee Self-concept Scale. The results indicated that five dimensions of Tennessee self-concept Scale showed significant implicit effects, and the nature of implicit self-concept showed that individual was prone to associate himself/herself with more positive evaluating than others. This study also showed that MFT-IAT could be used to measure multidimensional implicit self-concepts effectively.

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Regression Analysis of Influences on Perceptual Span of Undergraduates Zhang Qiaoming, Wang Aiyun, Yan Guoli 2013, 11(2):  190-194.  Abstract ( )   PDF (879KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study gaze-contingent moving-window technique was used to explore the perceptual span in Chinese reading. 101 undergraduates participated in the experiment. Their eye movements were recorded with a SR Research EyeLink 2K eye tracker. 120 sentences were presented in six viewing conditions(R0, L1R1, L2R2, L3R3, L4R4 and whole line)to examine the perceptual span of participants in different conditions. The eyemovement data was analyzed by multiple linear regression to exlpore the influences on perceptual span. The results showed:(1)The undergraduates could obtain useful information from a region about 2-3 character spaces to the right of fixation.(2)Material difficulties, working memory capacity and reading skill can predict perceptual span.

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The ERP Research about the Influence of Music on Working Memory Sun Chang′an, Wei Hongtao, Yue Lijuan 2013, 11(2):  195-199.  Abstract ( )   PDF (992KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined the effect of the music of Chopin on working memory and the electrical activity of the brain in different conditions by using event-related potentials(ERPs)adopting n-back paradigm and studied the neuromechanism. A 3(without music, advanced music, background music)×2(1-back, 2-back)design was used, 30 participants performed in the behaviored experiment, while 14 participants performed in the ERP experiment. Behavioral results showed that Chopin music improved people′s working memory and the advanced music improved most effectively. Electrophysiological results showed that P3 amplitude decreased as working memory load increased and P3 amplitude decreased gradually when subjects were doing action in advanced music, background music and quiet condition, especially in high load condition. Source localization analysis found that the improvement of working memory may relate to parietal lobe of cortex.

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The Influence of the Emotional Word during Working Memory on Selective Attention Chen Rui, Yang Jinlin, Li Peng, He Shunchao, Tao Yun 2013, 11(2):  200-204.  Abstract ( )   PDF (820KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of this study is to reveal how the emotional word holds in working memory guide to the gender judgment of target face. Thirty-three undergraduates participated in this experiment, and an emotional prime combined with recognition paradigm was adopted. The results showed:(1)Under the neutral and fear prime condition, the RT to the gender judgment task was significantly shorter than the negative prime condition.(2)Under the positive prime condition, the differences among the validity of cueing were significant. In details, under the invalid cue condition, the RTs among different valences of emotional prime words were significant.(3)The interaction between the genders of participants and different emotional faces was significant while analyzing the consistency of gender between participants and target faces. Therefore, the emotional stimuli which kept in the working memory could guide the gender judgment of the target face through the top-down process.

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The Influence of Graph′s Regulation Character on the Storage of Object and Spatial Working Memory Wu Wenchun, Sun Yueliang 2013, 11(2):  205-210.  Abstract ( )   PDF (872KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study investigated the storage mechanism of visual object working memory and visual spatial working memory for the graphs with features of single dimension using change-detection paradigm, and measured their capacities. The results showed, the memory score of regular graphs was significantly higher than that of irregular graphs in object working memory, but there was no difference between them in spatial working memory. The storage capacity of spatial working memory was significantly higher than that of object working memory, there were respectively 4-5 positions and 3-4 objects. These suggested graph′s regulation character impacted the storage of object working memory but didn′t impact that of spatial working memory. The graphs with features of single dimension were stored by the unit of feature in object working memory but stored by the way of integer in spatial working memory.

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A Study about the Difference of Memory Storage Task for English and Chinese Luo Lin, Zhai Hongchang 2013, 11(2):  211-216.  Abstract ( )   PDF (967KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The research explored the brain machining differences when processing the two tasks: storage and extraction, according to the brain activation for the English words and Chinese performing memory storage and recognition. Adopted the classical experimentation model-“Learn-recognition”, 8 undergraduates receive the examination that learning and recognizing of English and Chinese, MRI data collection, AFNI software pretreatment, multi-component regression and the language discrepancy for ANOVA group Analysis & Statistic. The results showed that the brain section discrepancy that Chinese learning minus English learning are regarded as right cingulate gyrus. And the English learning minus Chinese learning are regarded as Right superior temporal gyrus(BA38), left cingulate gyrus(BA31)and left cerebellar tonsil. The brain section discrepancy that Chinese recognition minus English recognition is regarded as cerebellar tonsi, left superior temporal gyrus. There is no brain discrepancy that English learning memory minus Chinese learning recognize in the horizontal level- 0.05. Chinese learning can activate left fusiform gyrus, right lingual gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, left inferior frontal gyrus; English can activate right lingual gyrus, left medial frontal gyrus, left precentral gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus. Chinese recognition activated left inferior occipital gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, right inferior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right lentiform nucleus, left cerebellar tonsil, left superior temporal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus; English Recognition activated right lingual gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, left precentral gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, lentiform nucleus, right caudate, left postcentral gyrus, left thalamus. The results indicated that:(1)The temporal lobe was activated in the different statistical of memory, and this suggests that the temporal lobe played an important role in memory storage.(2)The frontal, parietal lobe were both activated during memory stage, that shows these brain regions involved in words processing.(3)English recognition can activate more brain areas than Chinese recognition, and it has a more participated brain activation compared with Chinese.

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An Empirical Study on the Effect of Employee Voice Shi Kan, Gao Liping, Qu Rujie 2013, 11(2):  217-222.  Abstract ( )   PDF (823KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Organizations are increasingly demanding more and more from their employees such as taking initiative, speaking up and accepting responsibility because of more intensive competition, higher customer expectations, more focus on quality indicating a constant word of change(Quinn and Spreitzer, 1997). Employee voice, as one kind of proactive working behavior, has got many researchers and practitioners′ attention, especially since Van Dyne et. al′s(2003)study on the motivation behind employee voice and employee silence. But there is little study focusing on the outcome of employee voice.

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Relationships among Family Functioning, Emotional Expression and Loneliness in College Students Deng Lifang, Zheng Richang 2013, 11(2):  223-228.  Abstract ( )   PDF (883KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this research, questionnaires were employed to explore the relationships among family functioning, emotional expression and loneliness in college students, and to see if emotional expression has a mediating effect in the relationship between family functioning and loneliness. The results indicated that(1)Family functioning was a significant predictor of emotional expression and loneliness in college students.(2)Emotional expression predicted social interaction loneliness positively, suggesting that if a student enjoyed expressing his emotions, he would experience less social interaction loneliness.(3)Family functioning related with social interaction loneliness in a direct way, also emotional expression partially mediated the relation between family functioning and social interaction loneliness.

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Study about Library Employees Competency Model and its Effect Du Linzhi, Xu Jianhua, Wangnan 2013, 11(2):  229-234.  Abstract ( )   PDF (851KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By conducting interview with the experts and behavior event interview(BEI)with core library employees, we developed a questionnaire named Librarian Self-Evaluate Questionnaire. Then we randomly sampled 3373 library employees, and processed data with Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA). Finally, we formed the Library Employees Competency Model, which consisted of 3 primary dimensions and 9 secondary dimensions and 31 items. By correlation analyzing and multiple-linear-regression analyzing, we found that there was a significantly positive correlation between the index of library employee competency model and job satisfaction, and a significantly negative correlation between the index of library employee competency model and intention to quit,but there was no significantly correlation between the index of library employee competency model and organizational commitment.

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Impact of Job Insecurity on the Psychology and Behavior of Employees Zhang Gangying, Dong Qian 2013, 11(2):  235-238.  Abstract ( )   PDF (783KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Job Insecurity Scale was administered to 223 employees, to investigate the impact of job insecurity′s various dimensions on employees′ psychology and behavior. The results indicated that:(1)Insecurity of job execution and interpersonal relationship had significant differences between famale and male. Insecurity of interpersonal relationship, job loss, Intention to Remain and Organizational Citizenship Behavior to the whole Organization had significant differences among different companies;(2)Insecurity of interpersonal relationship, job execution and job loss were significant positive predictors of Intention to Remain, and the insecurity of excessive competition was significant negative predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior to Individuals and the whole Organization. The results suggested that Job Insecurity was one of the most important stressors of employees.

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The Mechanism and Effects of “Guanxi” on Justice about Unfair Distribution: From the Cold and Hot Perspectives Wang Na, Li Xiaoman 2013, 11(2):  239-244.  Abstract ( )   PDF (861KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study focuses on the influence of“Guanxi(social relation)”on justice perceptions, emotions and actions of the recipients facied with unfair distribution from different social relations. Results showed that: (1)The character of social relation has an influence on justice perception and emotion, the more intimate the relationship is, the less unfair perception they feel. As to the emotion, the unfair distribution from intimate and the distant relationship could both raised the recipients′ strong negative emotion.(2)Social relation has an impact on unjustice reject trend and behavior through diverse path: social relation influences the reject trend by the intermediation of justice perception, and influences the reject behavior directly by the partly intermediate of emotion and justice perception.(3)The rejection to teacher was less compared with the other two social relations(good friend and stranger)although the recipients felt highly unfair and had a highly strong negative emotion. These results are discussed from the perceptive of emotion-recognition system on “Guanxi” to justice under the Chinese culture and in light of classification indices of Closeness and Dominance on“Guanxi”.

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Parenting Style and Procrastination: The Mediation Effects of Perfectionism Zhang Meng, Chen Yinghe 2013, 11(2):  245-250.  Abstract ( )   PDF (922KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed to explore the relationship between parenting styles, perfectionism, and procrastination of college students, examining the mediation effects of perfectionism between parenting styles and procrastination. 315 college students completed the Short form of EMBU Chinese Revision(S-EMBU-CR), Chinese revised edition of Frost Multi-dimensional Perfectionism Scale(CFMPS)and the General Procrastination Scale(GPS). The results showed that negative parenting styles negatively predicated adaptive perfectionism, and positively predicated maladaptive perfectionism. Adaptive perfectionism negatively predicated procrastination, and maladaptive perfectionism positively predicated procrastination. The influences of parenting styles on procrastination are attained through the mediator of perfectionism.

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The Measurement of Transformational Leadership Behavior and its Effect on Teachers′ Orgnizational Commitment in the Universities and Collges Hu Qing, Sun Hongwei 2013, 11(2):  251-257.  Abstract ( )   PDF (863KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics After searching the literatures and interviewing 43 leaders of colleges and univesities and their direct subordinates, the scale of the transformational leadership behavior is developed. The results of EFA and CFA based on data of 976 samples shows:(1)The college transformational leadership behavior was a multidimensional concept, including five parts, that is teachers′ moral example, care and stimulation, leader′s charms, vision motivation, unity and cooperation. The scale suggests good reliability and validity.(2)Transformational leadership behavior positively predicts the teachers′ organizational commitment. The internal motivation and organizational climate fully mediates the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and the teachers′ organizational commitment.

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A Study of the Structure and Influencing Factors of Job Seeker′s CV Faking Behavior Liu Qian, Xu Jianping, Xu Nuo 2013, 11(2):  258-263.  Abstract ( )   PDF (866KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics CV Faking Behavior is defined as the job seeker leaving false information or belief in order to raise the likelihood of being admitted to the next round of selection. Via qualitative research and quantitative research method of psychology, this research discussed the structure of job seeker′s CV faking behavior and its influencing factors in China, based on literature studying, interview, figuring out the questionnaires factor analysis. The results are as follows:(1)Job seeker′s CV faking behavior in China is composed of four factors: Ingratiation, Information changing, Key words modifying and Fitness promotion;(2)Job seekers′ Machiavellianism influenced CV Faking Behavior; (3)The demographic variables like the times of application and the times of CV revised, had significant effects on CV Faking Behavior.

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Cognitive Neuroscience Study of Text Comprehension Wang Yuhan, Mo Lei, Chen Lin, Li You, Ru Taotao 2013, 11(2):  264-269.  Abstract ( )   PDF (849KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In recent years, researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)to investigate the neural mechanisms of text comprehension. The achievements of these studies have contributed a lot to the advancement of researches on information processing during text comprehension. In this paper, we summarized studies on the neural mechanisms of text comprehension, including the following main aspects: the general processing and the theory model which based on neuroimage studies, the inference processing and the situation model building during text comprehension. Moreover, we discussed the problems of the current studies and prospected the direction of the future studies on neural mechanisms of text comprehension.

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Adjustment and Accessibility: A Review of the Research on Psychological Mechanism Accounting for Anchoring Effect Wang Xiaozhuang 2013, 11(2):  270-275.  Abstract ( )   PDF (838KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The research on the psychological processes that contribute to anchoring effect was mainly concentrated on two main models, the anchoring and adjustment heuristic and selective accessibility model. There were some theoretical perspectives about the models, such as bounded rational theory, social cognitive theory, dual-process theory and theories of attitude change. The research on explaining the anchoring effects was from the single model to the complex models, from exploring the single anchor value questions to the duel anchor values questions and the integration of adjustment model and accessibility model. The further studies should focus on these aspects: the thinking level and connotation of the machining process about accessibility model, the different mental process in the anchor questions of the different materials, the internal and external influence factors on anchoring effects, and the neuropsychological mechanism accounting for anchoring effects.

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Three Easy-to-Operate Variables of Efficient Learning: Interval, Sequence and Retrieval Practice Zhang Jinkun, Lian Rong 2013, 11(2):  276-281.  Abstract ( )   PDF (869KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Recently many cognitive psychologists focused on how to use the findings from cognitive science to educational practice, especially the relationship between the arrangement of learning and memory and learning efficiency. The authors reviewed three research topics which highly concerned human learning and called into question important aspects of common instructional practices.(1)A renewed effort to learn why distributed learning is effective show that enlarging the interval between learning sessions to some appropriate extent can promote the long-term performance of learning.(2)Compared with blocked learning, interleaving different learning events is a more effective way to improve learning.(3)Findings about testing effect indicated that tests could enhance later retention more than additional study of the material, even when tests are given without feedback. One noticeable issue revealed among these three topics is that, most learning strategies used by students are not most effective or even inefficient, worse still, they′re difficult to realize the problem. Scientifically applying these findings to education practice should be able to improve students′ learning efficiency.

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The Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Enhancing Effects of Emotional Memory Encoding Wang Kejing, Kang Cheng, Wang Zhenhong, Du Lin 2013, 11(2):  282-288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (882KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Memories for emotional information tend to be significantly enhanced in both memory accuracy and details versus neutral stimulus. These enhancing effects is influenced by emotional valence and arousal on the initial memory encoding. The regions engaged during encoding include bilateral amygdale, anterior hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and PFC. Amygdala-MTL system primarily support memory enhancing effects for arousing information, which reflects the automatic influence of emotion on memory and belongs to automatic processing. The processing is modulated by emotional arousal. By contrast, PFC networks recruited for the enhancing effects of encoding of negative nonarousing information. The processing for valence information belongs to controlled processing and is modulated by emotional valence.