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20 November 2015, Volume 13 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The influence of Cognitive inhibition to Creative Scientific Problem Finding: Mediating Effect of Field Cognitive Style Hu Weiping, Cheng Lifang, Jia Xiaojuan, Han Meng, Chen Yinghe 2015, 13(6):  721-728.  Abstract ( )   PDF (745KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics 105 undergraduates were recruited to complete the Mittenecker Pointing Test, creative scientific problem finding task and embedded figure test, to measure of cognitive inhibition, creative scientific problem finding and field cognitive style respecticely. The results show that 1)Cognitive inhibition showed significant positive relationship with creative scientific problem finding performance and this relationship was moderated by problem finding situation, which showed that cognitive inhibition predicted individuals′ problem finding performance significantly only in open situation, not in closed situation. 2)Field cognitive style mediated the relationship between cognitive inhibition and creative scientific problem finding performance in open situation, which showed that individuals who have high cognitive inhibition were inclined to perform field independence, and then could find more creative scientific problems in open situation.

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The Interaction of Different Face Parts in The Similarity Judgment of the Face Part Xiao Yanli, Yin Guo′en, Yang Wen 2015, 13(6):  729-736.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1083KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study explores the mechanism of the influence of other parts to the target part in the face when the participants judge the similarity between the face part exemplar and the target face part in the face prototype. The results showed that: 1)Compared to makeing a ″very dissimilar″ decision, the average total fixation duration is significantly longer when the participant make a ″very similar″ response or a ″general similar″; 2)When judge the similarity of the target part, the fixationson the target part are not necessarily more than the other parts; 3)The fixation on the other face parts in the prototype when judge the similarity of the target part is more obvious in the middle and the late stage. The results indicate that: 1)Compared to making a ″very dissimilar″ decision, it is more complicated to make a ″very similar″ or ″similar″ decision when judge the similarity of the face parts;2)Other parts in the face affect the similar judgments of the target face part; 3)The influence of the other face parts in the prototype to the similarity judgment of the target part is more obvious in the middle and the late stage.

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The Characteristics of Semantic and Lexical Representation of Tibetan-Chinese Bilinguals Gao Xiaolei, Wang Yongsheng, Guo Zhiying, Zhang Manman, Bai Xuejun 2015, 13(6):  737-743.  Abstract ( )   PDF (671KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, we used the task of cross-language repetition priming paradigm, to investigate the characteristics of semantic and lexical representation for highly proficient and less proficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals. In semantic judgment task, the participants′ response time of the words studied is significantly shorter than that of the words unstudied in the test phase. Both highly proficient and less proficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals have apparent repetition priming effect within language and cross-language. In lexical judgment task, it was found that the response time of the words studied is significantly shorter than that of the words unstudied within languge, showing repetitior pring effect, but not in the cross-language cordition. The present study indicates that for Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals, semantic representation is shared, while lexical representation is separation. Highly proficient and less proficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals have the same bilingual language representation mode. In the cross-language priming, the highly proficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals are faster than the less proficient person.

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The Effect of Time Metaphor on Semantic Processing of Chinese Verbs Wang Xinxiao, Zhang Jijia, Wang Yue 2015, 13(6):  744-750.  Abstract ( )   PDF (753KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments were conducted to investigate relationships between time metaphor and duration of verbs. Since Chinese speakers regard time as a flowing river, horizontal length rather than vertical height was chosen as the spatial factor that affects verb duration. Words used as stimulus were horizontally contracted or stretched(80% or 200%). In experiment 1, verbs were displayed in pairs on the left and right of the screen respectively. Participants were instructed to judge which verb took longer time to complete. The results showed that semantic processing was inhibited in the duration-length inconsistent condition rather than duration-length consistent condition. In experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the word displayed in the center of the screen was a verb or not. Again response to duration-length consistent condition was faster and more precise than inconsistent condition. Besides, experiment 2 showed verbs with longer duration took longer time to process. In conclusion, the results indicated that the information of length and life experience can be activated when processing verbs. The representation of verb duration is grounded in both time metaphor and knowledge.

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The Impact of Facial Feature on Cartoon Facial Attractiveness Zhang Yan, Zhao Peiqiong, Kong Fanchang, Zhao Lini 2015, 13(6):  751-757.  Abstract ( )   PDF (744KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the impact of facial features on cartoon facial attractiveness, in study one, 150 subjects(71 boys, 79 girls)assessed the facial attractiveness of cartoon faces with different facial features(eyes and lip). In study two, dot probe paradigm was used to explore the attention bias for cartoon faces with different facial features in 44 subjects(20 boys, 24 girls). Results showed that: female faces with big eyes and thick lip scored significantly higher than that of female faces with small eyes and thick lip in the study one. Response reaction times of congruent condition were shorter than incongruent condition with big eyes and thick lip of female faces in the study two. It indicated that both female and male subjects preferred cartoon female faces with big eyes and thick lip.

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Ability to Manipulate Negative Information in Working Memory and its Relation with Rumination for Depressed Individuals Liu Mingfan, Jiang Ying, Zhang Hui, Wu Hou, Weng Meitao 2015, 13(6):  758-762.  Abstract ( )   PDF (494KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to examine whether depressed individuals show deficits of valence-dependent manipulation in working memory(WM)and its correlation with rumination. WM manipulation task was used to assess participants′ ability to either reverse or maintain in WM the order of three emotion or neutral pictures from the international affective picture system. Beck depression inventory(BDI)and Rumination Response scale were used in 21 non-clinical depression individuals and 21 normal controls. Differences(or sorting costs)between response latencies in backward trials and forward trials were calculated. The result showed that(1)depressed individuals had longer response times to emotional material compared to control groups in backward trials, especially for negative pictures.(2)Compared with control participants, depressed individuals showed higher sorting costs for negative pictures.(3)It is important to note that sorting costs for negative pictures significantly predicted rumination even after controlling for BDI scores. These results suggest that the depression individuals show deficit of manipulation ability for negative material in WM and rumination is associated with deficits in inhibitory control.

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The Establishment and Application of Contemporary Pupils′ Ideal Questionnaire Yao Benxian, Wang Lian, Quan Lijuan, Zhou Xiao 2015, 13(6):  763-770.  Abstract ( )   PDF (887KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To examine the structure of contemporary pupils′ ideal and situation, this study aims to establishing contemporary pupils′ ideal questionnaire and carrying out the investigation for 500 pupils in nine provinces of China. The results showed that contemporary pupils′ ideal questionnaire included seven aspects such as self, social, moral, life, body, occupational and academic. Aspects the reliability and validity of contemporary pupils′ ideal questionnaire were good. In addition, the results also showed that contemporary pupils′ seven types of ideal were guite high, and female pupils′ moral, life, body and academic ideals were higher than male pupils. Comparing to pupils at five and six grade, the body, occupational and academic ideal at three and four grade were higher and self ideal was lower. Moreover, comparing to pupils who are not only child, pupils who are only child have higher self, social, moral and life ideals, and lower academic ideal.

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Facial Expressions Detection Threshold Measurement: Age-And Gender-Related Difference Li Tiantian, Lv Yong 2015, 13(6):  771-777.  Abstract ( )   PDF (625KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study combined confidence rating method and psychophysical method to measure the detection threshold of younger and older adults about six kinds of facial expressions(anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise). The results revealed that, for all the expressions, the detection threshold of older adults was significantly greater than the younger adults. In the younger participants group, the detection threshold of anger was significantly greater than happiness, disgust, fear, and the detection threshold of fear and happiness was significantly less than anger, sad, and surprise. In the older participants group, the detection threshold of anger was significantly greater than other expressions, and the detection threshold of happiness was significantly less than other expressions. Female′s threshold was significantly less than male′s. In consequence, compared with younger adults, the order′s ability to detection facial expression was in recession, and the extent of recession was different in expressions. The extent of recession about the detection ability of happiness is minimized, anger and fear is maximum; Female′s detection ability is greater than male.

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College Fresh Men Adjustment: The Role of Metacognition, Interpersonal Health Diathesis and Professional Identification Hao Jiajia, Niu Hongwei 2015, 13(6):  778-783.  Abstract ( )   PDF (578KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Adjustment is a challenge to college fresh men since they have entered the university. This paper focused on the effects of metacognition, interpersonal health diathesis and professional identification on college fresh men adjustment. 263 fresh men were surveyed with Chinese College Student Adjustment Scale, College Students′ Professional Identity Scale, Interpersonal Health Diathesis Scale and Metacognition Scale. The results showed that：1)College fresh men adjustment varied among students with different gender, sibling character and types of students hometowns; 2)metacognition, interpersonal health diathesis and professional identification correlated with adjustment; 3)metacognition and professional identification predicted college fresh men adjustment considering the demography variables.

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Memory Updating Affects MD Children′s Arithmetic Strategy Use: Evidences from the Chronological Age/Intelligence-matched Design Lv Na, Yang jing, Hua Xiaoteng, Si Jiwei, Wang Xiangyan 2015, 13(6):  784-793.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1025KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Use the chioce/no-chioce methodand the running memory paradigm, we explored the effect of memory updating on strategy use in arithmetic estimation of children with mathematical disabilities(MD)and whether their strategy use is delayed or defected. 20 sixth graders with MD, 24 normal achievers in sixth grade and 19 intelligence-matched achievers in fifth grade were chosen to be tested. The results showed that: 1)Memory updating significantly influenced strategy execution of MD children. Compared with normal groups, MD children reacted more slowly and made more mistakes in the condition of updating. 2)Memory updating significantly influenced individuals' strategy choice. MD children′s RT was longer in the condition of updating. 3)Individuals′ adaptivity in strategy selection was not affected by memory updating. MD children′s performances were not obviously decreased in updating condition. 4)The differences between MD children and normal achievers in sixth grade resulted from the defect of the allocation of resource capacity related to arithmetic, working memory and the ability of estimation.

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Cross-distribution Comparison of Five linear Equating Methods Based on Mixed Model of Item Response Theory Zhang Minqiang, Li Guangming, Wang Xiaoting, Huang Chunru, Wang Xingjun 2015, 13(6):  794-798.  Abstract ( )   PDF (455KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on Simulating some data of non-equivalent group for 3PLM and GRM mixed model of item response theory, this paper compared five linear equating methods such as Mean-Mean(MM), Mean-Sigma(MS), Robust Mean and Sigma(RMS), Haebara(HA)and Stocking-Lord(SL). The paper aimed at exploring whether the number of subjects and the ability distribution of target subjects have a significantly effect on equivalent accuracy. The result showed that: 1)when the target group and reference group subjects ability distribution were similar or their difference was small, the MM method was the best and had a highest equivalent accuracy; 2)when the difference of ability of distribution for the target group and reference group subjects increased, the MS method had a strong advantage.

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A Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness of Solution-focused Brief Therapy Gong Huoliang, Xu Weisu 2015, 13(6):  799-803.  Abstract ( )   PDF (554KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Aimed to research the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy(SFBT)in China by meta-analysis, thirty three studies were identified with a total sample size of 1147 participants. The results showed that: 1)SFBT demonstrated large, and positive treatment effects favoring SFBT group on the outcome measures. An overall mean effect size estimate for immediate effect was 0.99. An overall mean effect size estimate for follow-up effect was 1.07; 2)There was no significant correlation between year of publication and immediate effect; 3)The overall mean effect size estimates of SFBT were large in mainland(d=1.03)and in Taiwan(d=0.92); 4)The overall mean effect size estimates of SFBT were also large in school settings(d=1.01)and in medical settings(d=0.94). The similar results were founded for different kinds of outcome problems. The results revealed that SFBT not only can solve clients′ problems but also can improve clients′ ability to solve problems by themselves. In future, the application of SFBT can spread in many settings, especially in primary and middle school settings for mainland and in medical settings for Taiwan. Similarly, more studies are needed to examining the effectiveness of SFBT for externalizing behavior problems.

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The Impact of Psychological Capital on Job Involvement, Subjective Well-being, and Silence Behavior: Interaction Effect and Effect Comparison Ke Jianglin, Wu Dan, Sun Jianmin 2015, 13(6):  804-810.  Abstract ( )   PDF (782KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Organizational effectiveness depends on the individual and organizational factors. In this paper, we explored the impact of employee′s psychological capital on job involvement, subjective well-being, and silence behavior. By regression analysing on a sample of 263 employees, we found that both task-orientated psychological capital(self-confidence and brave, optimism and hope, self-expectation and diligence, resiliency and perseverance) and interpersonal-orientated psychological capital(toleration and forgiveness, respecting and courtesy, modesty and prudence, thanksgiving and dedication) have positive effects on job involvement and subjective well-being, and negative effect on silence behavior. However, interpersonal-oriented psychological capital′s negative effect on silence behavior becomes insignificant when task-psychological capital was added into the regression model, which proves the value of task-psychological capital on silence behavior. Additionally, these was an interaction between task-orientated psychological capital and interpersonal-oriented psychological capital on job involvement and subjective well-being.

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Verification and Preliminary Application of Chinese Version of Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale Tu Cuiping, Fan Fumin 2015, 13(6):  811-816.  Abstract ( )   PDF (590KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To verify the applicability of Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale(K-DOCS)in Chinese samples, the English version was converted to the Chinese version by standard procedure. There were 441 undergraduates from a key university in Beijing participated in the survey. SPSS 20.0 and Mplus7.0 software were used for item analysis, reliability and validity test. The results showed that internal consistency coefficients of five dimensions′(everyday, scholarly, performance, science/mechanical and artistic creativity) in Chinese version of K-DOCS was good(0.80-0.91). So were construct validity, content validity and criterion validity. Chinese version of K-DOCS has acceptable psychometric characteristics. It can be used as a valid measurement tool for evaluating creativity across domains in Chinese undergraduates.

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Situational Differences of the Personality Test the Faking Detection and Control in Psychological Test in the Job Interviews Hu Wen, Yang Jing, Wang Youzhi, Wang Li 2015, 13(6):  817-822.  Abstract ( )   PDF (623KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We employed repeated measures to compare the faking behaviors in The Big Five personality test of the 173 participants performed in the natural situation and job interviewing situation, discussing how to predict faking in The Big Five personality test in the job interviewing situation by Faking Detection Scale and Self-Construal Scale. The results indicated that: 1)The scores in the test of extroversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness were much higher in situation than that in the natural situation; while the scores of neuroticism were significantly lower in the job interviewing than that in natural situation. 2)It took significantly longer time to finish the test in the job interviewing than natural satuation. 3)The paticipants apptieating different positions show difforent extent of faking behaviors. 4)in job interviewing situation, interdepent self-construct participarts significantly increased, their scores in extroversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness neuroticism significantly reduced. Paticipants of independent self-construct with extroversion, openness and conscientiousness significantly increased. These results suggest that significant differences can appear in personality traits between natural situation and application situation, especially for the obvious faking, in job interviewing situation and self-construct is one of the important influencing factors. Thus, in personnel selection, effective methods should be taken to detect and control the faking.

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Subordinate give their feedback about the rewards and punishment in the Abusive Supervision: An ERP Study Liu Yingjie, Liu Yaozhong, Tang Zhiwen, Peng Jian 2015, 13(6):  823-831.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1080KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Abusive supervision as a negative leadership behavior has become the new research hotspot in the field of organizational behavior and management. In this study, we used the ERP technology to study the Abusive supervision, the impact of supervisors give employees rewardsandpunishmentand staff give their feedback about the rewardsandpunishment. We use the word stem completion test to recall the perception of Abusive supervision of employees, and analysis the EEG after the feedback of rewardsandpunishment, to investigate the method of feedback processing, proclaimingthe neural mechanisms of reward and punishment about Abusive supervision. The results indicated that under the Abusive supervision the P3 induced in the reward condition was more positive than in the punishment to ignoring conditions; under the normal supervision the P3 induced in the punishment condition was more positive than in the ignoring condition; the amplitude of FRN induced by Abusive supervision was more negative than the normal supervision; the LPC induced by Abusive supervision was more negative than normal in the reward condition.

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The Application of the Graded Response Testlet Model into the Performance-based Assessment on Everyday Problem Solving in Chinese Older Adults Chen Bo, Deng Wengen, Li Huiqi 2015, 13(6):  832-838.  Abstract ( )   PDF (665KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate whether a testlet model can be applied into the performance-based assessment on everyday problem solving in Chinese older adults, 450 older adult participants from 60 to 84 years old from Jiangxi province in China were sampled, including 227 males and 223 females. The goodness-of-fit indexes were tested among the graded response model(GRM), the multidimensional GRM, and two bifactor models which have four and ten specific factors, respectively. The graded response testlet model(GRTM)and GRM were used to analyze the measurement data. The results showed that the bifactor model with ten specific factors was better fitted to the measurement data than other models, and that when items were incorporated into 10 testlets, there were 9 testlets whose effect size variances were beyond 0.50. It was concluded that GRTM can be applied to analyze the measurement data of the performance-based assessment on everyday problem solving in Chinese older adults.

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Learning Confusion: Conception, Research Paradigm and Its Relation with Learning Ma Huixia, Yang Yingying 2015, 13(6):  839-845.  Abstract ( )   PDF (688KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Learning confusion often appears in complex learning environments, which is triggered by impasse when learners are confronted with new information that is inconsistent with existing knowledge in learning process. It has a unique facial expression, and belongs to a special kind of academic emotions. The present article introduced the concept, identification, research paradigm, theoretical framework of learning confusion as well as the relationship between confusion and learning in the intelligent tutoring system(ITS). The future research will be more valuable if it can focus on the instantaneous dynamic, the best time when learning confusion occurs in the learning process and the interconversion between learning confusion and other academic emotions. With the development of research, inducing and resolving confusion with reference to individual difference, future researches will promote the positive effect of the confusion on learning in tutorial environments.

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Advances of Developmental Dyslexia and Working Memory Injury Liu Yan, Tao Yun, Wang Xiaoxi, Ma Xie, Chen Rui, Li Siqi 2015, 13(6):  846-852.  Abstract ( )   PDF (683KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Developmental dyslexia(DD)is a common learning disability which can make negative effect on children′s school learning. Recently, working memory has been regarded as a main factor of developmental dyslexia, and it also has provided a new perspective for the study. The sub-components of working memoy can effect reading process both as whole and independently. This review based on Baddley′s multi-component model of working memory: three separable components as central executive shifting, updating and inhibition are all closely correlated to reading comprehension; the impairment of phonological loop is the core reason of developmental dyslexia; visual-spatial sketchpad contribute to orthographic regularity and reasoning, but the studies hold heterogeneity. In addition, Chinese developmental dyslexia may hold it′s own features. To sum up, although the results of past studies remain some difference, it all shows that working memory has important impact on developmental dyslexia. The studies of relationship between working memory and developmental dyslexia can provide effective ways for the treatment of the disease.

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An Analysis of Researches on Attachment Theory in Organization and Future Prospects Chen Lin, Yue Guolin, Wang Limin 2015, 13(6):  853-860.  Abstract ( )   PDF (811KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Attachment theory is an important research field of developmental psychology. People′s social nature determines the attachment must be studied from parent-child bonding to adult′s social attachment and exploration. Recently, researchers used attachment theory to explain some problems in the organization. This paper summarizes the studies about attachment theory in organization from three aspects: the job performance and job satisfaction of organizational level, the emotion, career development and work-family balance of individual level, the leader behavior and trust of interpersonal level. The organizational attachment is a construct that reflects the emotional connection between employees and organization. Finally, the paper discusses possible directions in the future of attachment theory in the organization study. The possible directions in the future: the attachment style change in the organization, moderating effect, cross-cultural research and practical application.