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20 July 2016, Volume 14 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Influence of Retention Interval and Cue Types on Judgments of Forgetting Chen Gongxiang, Qiao Fuqiang, Zhao Jia 2016, 14(4):  433-437.  Abstract ( )   PDF (476KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of retention interval and cue types on the metacognitive judgments. The experiment adopted the traditional judgment of learning task, forty word pairs were displayed one at a time on a computer screen, and participants were instructed to learn the pairs so that later they would be able to recall the second word in each pair when the first was presented. They were given instructions about when the test phase was to take place: either after 5 minutes, 1 day, or after a week. On each trial, the first word appeared at the center of the screen, participants were asked to assess the chances that they would recall(judgment of learning)or forget(judgment of forgetting)the second word in response to the first word. After that, participants were asked to recall all the pairs of associations. We found that the retention interval had a similar influence on judgment of learning and judgment of forgetting, the magnitudes and relative accuracy of judgment of learning were higher than judgment of forgetting, which meant that participants were sensitive to the remember and forget cues. Participants were underconfident in making judgment of forgetting than judgment of learning. These results indicated that people can use different cues and retention interval to make metacognitive judgment, and human ability to monitor forgetting was lower than to monitor remembering.

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Working Memory of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Deficit in Basic Processing or Executive Function? Zhang Wei 2016, 14(4):  438-445.  Abstract ( )   PDF (773KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of the current study is to explore the mechanism of working memory deficits of the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The performances of working memory of ADHD and normal control children were investigated in the verbal n-back task. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the ADHD group and the NC group in the memory updating level zero, but the ADHD group performed worse than the NC group both in the memory updating level 1 and level 2. Effect sizes cohen′d were 1.31 and 1.63 separately. Additionally, with the increase of the difficulty of memory updating, the ADHD group showed greater decline than the NC group, indicating a larger memory updating cost. With a 1.54 effectsize at very high level. The results suggested that ADHD children behaved normally in the basic level of working memory, but they showed deficit in the advanced procession of verbal working memory(memory updating), which inferred a larger memory updating cost.

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The Stability of Vertical Trend in Processing Mandarin Temporal-Spatial Metaphor Zhang Yingying, Yu Fangjing, Zhou Zhijin, Chen Baoguo 2016, 14(4):  446-462.  Abstract ( )   PDF (704KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous studies showed that, while the English speakers primarily process the Temporal-Spatial metaphor horizontally, the Chinese speakers are likely to process it vertically. The present study aimed to investigate whether the second language(English)experience can affect the Mandarin Temporal-Spatial metaphor performance. The spatial priming paradigm was applied(with either the vertical or horizontal pictures as the priming incentives)and the Mandarin-English bilinguals were asked to judge the accuracy of three kinds of time questions（vertical, horizontal, and temporal）. In Experiment 1, the Mandarin-English bilinguals who have more than 10 years′ English learning experience in mainland China were enrolled. Results showed that, participants responded faster after vertical priming terms, and had shorter response time and higher accuracy for vertical questions of time, indicating that Mandarin performed better with the vertical spatial information, and that the long-term English learning experience does not affect the vertical-bias of the Temporal-Spatial metaphor. In Experiment 2, we tested the Mandarin-English bilinguals from Hong Kong and Macao who have more English learning experience and higher proficiency of English. Similar results were obtained that the participants responded faster after the vertical priming terms with shorter response time and higher accuracy for the vertical question of time. The findings of the two experiments suggest that, for the unbalanced Mandarin-English bilinguals tested in present study, their English learning experience does not seem to affect vertical-biased processing of Temporal-Spatial metaphor.Key words Mandarin, Temporal-Spatial metaphor, second language experience.

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How Chinese Collocations Affect Word Recognition？ Lv Xing, Shi Jiawei 2016, 14(4):  453-468.  Abstract ( )   PDF (613KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Among thousands of words, native speakers can choose the right collocations to express the corresponding meanings in milliseconds. Existed theories cannot perfectly explain the mechanism behind it. It remains unclear how collocations are stored and extracted in human brain. Based on lexical decision task, our research revealed that high-frequency collocations significantly facilitated word recognition in Chinese native speakers. Surprisingly, high-frequency collocations in reversed order also moderately facilitated word recognition. However, non-collocations did not facilitate word recognition, even though they were semantically similar with the collocations. These results indicate that collocations are closely encoded in memory, regardless of its semantics. Furthermore, the connection between collocation words may be bi-directional and anisotropic, while the strength of such connection depends on the frequency of co-occurrence. Our findings provide solid evidence to the collocation research, and shed light to the principle of collocational encoding in human brain.

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Facial Attractiveness in the Eye of the Beholder: One Eye Movement Research of the Angle Effect Zhang Yan, Zheng Minxiao 2016, 14(4):  459-464.  Abstract ( )   PDF (574KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The Eye Tracker was used to investigate the eye movement of the subjects while they were viewing the black and white face images with different visual angle. Forty-one college students took part in the study and were required to make a judgment on the facial attractiveness of the picture. The results were as follows: 1)The significant differences were found on the pupil size for different positions of face, the vertical faces were the biggest and the right-leaning faces were the smallest; 2)The fixation duration on the vertical faces was significantly longer than the others and left-leaning faces were larger than the right-leaning faces. 3)The fixation count of the vertical faces were more than those leaning right or left. To sum up, the results demonstrated that angles that faces leaned is an important factor on the judgment of facial attractiveness, existing significant ″Angle Effect″, namely the vertical faces were more attractive than other faces. At the same time, the study also found that the left-leaning faces were more attractive than the right-leaning faces, that is to say the left-leaning faces are more likely to gain the preference.

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Cognitive Features of Self-face Recognition for Five-year Old Children Cheng Lei, Huang Xiting 2016, 14(4):  465-470.  Abstract ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Original pictures and PS pictures of the participants were used to investigate cognitive features of five-year-old children in self face recognition. The results showed: 1)five-year old children could recognize their photos, but there was significant sexual difference in their recoghition of outer and inner features of self-face; 2)most five-year-old children those self faces with different hair style as others not their own, especially those with hair-style of the opposite sex; 3)children were more sensitive to their eyes than their mouth when processing their own faces.

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The Influences of the Significant Others in Adolescents′ Knobe Effect about Intentional Judgment Chen Youqing, Tao Jun 2016, 14(4):  471-478.  Abstract ( )   PDF (769KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To probe into the relationship between the features of teenagers' Knobe effect and their mental state, the author selected 311 middle-school students to carry out the six-story experiment, the side-effect of which was designed as either positive or negative. The significant others are divided into 3 groups: Mother, Friend and Teacher. The outcome of this experiment indicates that: 1)typical Knobe effect is obvious when adolescent subjects pass intentional judgment on the positive side-effect situation of different significant others, whereas it cannot be observed when they make intentional judgment on the negative one; 2)there is no substantial difference in the intentional judgment among 3 groups of significant others on teenagers; 3)there is no substantial difference in the intentional judgment between middle-school students and high-school students, as well as between male and female; 4)teenagers think that the moods prompted by negative side-effect of behavioral objects are mainly negative, and those of behavioral subjects are positive mostly. The conclusion of the research is that teenagers present incomplete Knobe effect when making intentional judgment.

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Regulatory Focus and Grit in Senior High School Students: The Mediating Role of Academic Emotions Tang Ming, Liu Rude, Gao Qin, Zhuang Hongjuan, Wei Jun, Di Miaoci 2016, 14(4):  479-485.  Abstract ( )   PDF (682KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aims to explore the relationships among senior high school students′ grit, regulatory focus and academic emotions. 644 middle school students were investigated by questionnaires．The results revealed that: 1)male high school students′ grit level was significantly higher than female high school students′, so was the grit level of high school students of grade 1 compared to grade 2; 2)the relationship between regulatory focus and grit was not necessarily direct, but moderated by academic emotions. Specifically promotion focus can strengthened grit through the mediation effect of cheerfulness, while reducing grit through the mediation effect of dejection; prevention focus could reduce grit through the mediation effect of agitation, however, the mediation effect of satisfaction was not significant.

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The Role of Surface Similarity and Shared Label Knowledge in Quantities Representation of Children with Intellectual Disability Liu Di 2016, 14(4):  486-491.  Abstract ( )   PDF (575KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study analyzed the role of surface similarity and shared label knowledge in quantities representation of children with intellectual disability. A total of 96 children with intellectual disability ranged from 7 to 16 years old participated in this study. The results showed: 1)the ability of quantities representation of children with intellectual disability enhanced with age. The 11-13 years old and 14-16 years old children with intellectual disabilities performed significantly better on numerical comparison task than 7-10 years old children did. 2)when surface similarity was congruent(i.e., all sets contained the same objects), children performed significantly better than they did on the incongruent condition of numerical comparison. 3)children with intellectual disability in the proficient group performed significantly better than children in the non-proficient group in the comparisons task.

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Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator in the Mental Mechanism of Emotional Exhaustion among Preschool Teachers: From the Perspective of Work-Family Conflict Li Yongzhan 2016, 14(4):  492-500.  Abstract ( )   PDF (960KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study aimed to explore the moderating role of Emotional Intelligence in the relationship between Work Family Conflict and Emotional Exhaustion among preschool teachers. Two hundred and seventy preschool teachers participated in the questionnaire investigation. The result showed that: 1)The preschool teachers′ emotional exhaustion was in the medium level of burning out. The teachers′ emotional exhaustion levels were significantly different in gender, marital status, teaching class and years of teaching. Specifically, the male teachers′ emotional exhaustion levels were significantly higher than the female teachers′; The married teachers′ emotional exhaustion levels were significantly higher than the unmarried teachers′; The emotional exhaustion levels of the teachers teaching small class were significantly higher than that of the teachers teaching large class; The teachers with 6～10 years teaching experience were exposed to higher levels of emotional exhaustion than the teachers with less than 5 years and more than 11 years teaching experience. 2)the preschool teachers′ Work-Family Conflict had positive correlation with Emotional Intelligence, while negatively correlated with Emotional Intelligence. 3)Emotional Intelligence played a moderating role in the relationship between Work Family Conflict and Emotional Exhaustion among preschool teachers.

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The Development of Job Crafting Questionnaire of Primary and Secondary School Teachers Qi Yajing, Wu Xinchun 2016, 14(4):  501-506.  Abstract ( )   PDF (623KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the literature analysis and specialist assessment, we developed the initial Job Crafting Questionnaire of Primary and Secondary School Teachers through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires from the perspective of the object and the ways. Then we revised it by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and the formal questionnaire was comprised of five dimensions: task crafting, role crafting, relational crafting, skills crafting and cognitive crafting. The results indicated that the questionnaire has good internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and content validity, construct validity and criterion related validity. The questionnaire satisfies the psychometrice requirements, and it could be used as a tool for measuring primary and secondary school teachers′ job crafting.

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Psychological Health Diathesis Assessment System: Establishing National Norms for Psychological Core Health Diathesis Scale for Chinese Adults Zhang Xiuge, Liang Baoyong 2016, 14(4):  507-516.  Abstract ( )   PDF (990KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this study was to develop a Chinese adults′ psychological core health diathesis scale, and to establish the norms for it. Based on the statistical data of a nationwide sample of 6433 adults, the results showed that: 1)the central psychological health diathesis scale had good Cronbach α coefficient reliability, construct validity and content validity; 2)there was no sexual difference on central psychological health diathesis; comparing to the aged group, youth group had higher central psychological health diathesis; along with the education level enhancemented, people′s central psychological health diathesis were significantly increased; the occupation type influenced the central psychological health diathesis. These findings suggest that the scale were up to psychological test standard, and can be used to assess the central psychological health diathesis of Chinese adults; we further established the national norms for it.

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Order Cues Effect on Trust Chi Liping, Zhang Chi 2016, 14(4):  517-522.  Abstract ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Human pursues rules, order and sense of control instinctively. Whether orderly circumstances could enhance one′s trust? The investigted relationship between order cues and trust whether based on a sample of 197 undergraduates the present study. The participants were assigned to three groups(group of strong-order-cue, group of weak-order-cue, and control group)randomly, and performed linking task and investment game. The results showed that: 1)The participants in the group of strong- order-cue more trusted strangers in the investment games than those in the group of weak-order-cue and control group; 2)There was an interaction between gender and order cues due to order cues only affected females′ trust, but not do for male.

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The Latent Classes of Parenting Style: An Application of Latent Profile Analysis Wu Peng, Ma Sangni, Fang Ziqiong, Xu Bibo, Liu Huashan 2016, 14(4):  523-530.  Abstract ( )   PDF (842KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics As an important issue in developmental or education psychology, some researches have been done to show the consequences or types of parenting style, others explored the relationship between parenting style and personality, emotional or cognitive factors, demographic variables or social and contextual factors. With regard to the above-mentioned studies, statistics analysis that deal with continuous variables prevailed researches. But researchers early stressed that patterns of parenting styles should be the more important issue and psychological researchers should explore the patterns of parenting styles. This study described patterns of in parenting styles profiles from youth′s perspective. 764 participants attend this study and their parenting style, Moral identity and Moral disengagement were assessed. Latent profile analysis was used to determine the pattern of parenting style, and ANOVA was used to examine the relationship between the subtypes of parenting style and adolescent′s moral disengagement or moral identity. The results indicated that there are three parenting style patterns from adolescences′ perspective. Three subtypes of parenting style were defined as positive parenting style, mixed parenting style and passive parenting style, respectively. There are maximum adolescents in positive pattern and minimum adolescents in passive pattern. Relative to positive parenting style, the moral disengagement and moral identity of adolescnces who received mixed parenting style or passive parenting style will be different. As for moral disengagement, adoleecnces who received passive pattern will score lower than that of mixed pattern′s. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the research were discussed. It was claimed that there were multi-patterns about parenting style.

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Cognitive Inhibition and Interpersonal Forgiveness: The Moderator Role of Trait Forgiveness Zhao Yankai, Li Hui, Wu Zhen, Zhang Shanshan 2016, 14(4):  531-536.  Abstract ( )   PDF (621KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The trait forgiveness scale was used to measure the trait forgiveness ability of 102 college students, and measuring the cognitive inhibition ability and the interpersonal forgiveness ability of the subjects by the flanker experiment and the scenario recall paradigm. In order to investigate the relationship among the trait forgiveness, cognitive inhibition and interpersonal forgiveness. The following results were observed, 1）Pearson′s correlation analysis showed a significant relationship among cognitive inhibition, trait forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness （excepting the relationship between cognitive inhibition and benevolence motivation）; 2）the trait forgiveness had a significant effect on the avoidance motivation, the revenge motivation and the benevolence motivation, but the cognitive inhibition only had a significant effect on the revenge motivation; 3）the trait forgiveness and the cognitive inhibition had a significant negative effect on the avoidance motivation, and had a significant positive effect on the benevolence motivation.

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Effects of Price Framing on Consumers′ Perceptions of Online Dynamic Pricing and Willingness to Buy with Different Need for Cognitive Closure Li Zonglong, Hu Dongmei, Zhang Tangzheng 2016, 14(4):  537-543.  Abstract ( )   PDF (724KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study examined tactical ways for online merchants to mitigate negative reactions of consumers with high/low dispositional need for cognitive closure(NFCC)when adopting dynamic pricing strategies. One hundred and tuelve college students participated in the experiment, and their perceptions of dynamic pricing(including price fairness, trust and willingness to buy) were collected for analysis. A 2(dynamic versus non-dynamic pricing)×2(price-number off versus percentage off)×2(high versus low NFCC)between subject design was adopted. The results showed that: 1)when adopting dynamic pricing practices, price- disadvantaged consumers perceived a worse price fairness and had a lower willingness to buy; 2)and specially, compared to no price framing, using percentage off price framing can reduce price-disadvantaged consumers′ trust perception, who with high NFCC; 3)however, there′s no significant impact of NFCC, price framing and dynamic pricing was discovered on consumers′ willingness to buy, which may because more other factors work on that.

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The Progress of Psychological Detachment′s Studies Wang Xiaoou, Jiang Yuan, Zhou Quan, Tang Fang, Fang Ping 2016, 14(4):  544-550.  Abstract ( )   PDF (684KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Psychological detachment refers to a state in which people disconnect from work during off-hours. Being psychologically detached from work during off-hours entails both leaving away from the workplace and do not thinking about job-related issues. Psychological detachment is critical for employees to recover from job stress. Firstly, the article overviews the psychological detachment′s concepts and its progress; Secondly, the article discusses the situation of psychological detachment′s researches; Finally, the article expounds researches′ problems and future direction.

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Research Progress of Human Pain Expression Yang Yueying, Yang Haibo, Wang Xiaolin, Shu Jing, Wang Zhiqiang, Xie Jingdan, Yu Shengyuan 2016, 14(4):  551-557.  Abstract ( )   PDF (907KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Pain expression is one of the pain behavior patterns, which possesses important values of survival accommodation and social communication. Just as studying other kinds of behaviors, pain expression research should follow behavior observation process, and facial action code system(FACS)is one of the code methods for facial expression quatitative analysis. There are many factors which could influence human pain facial expression, such as their ages, genders, social factors and cultural backgrounds, which induce the property of concomitance of commonness and individuality of pain facial expression among different individuals. Future investigations would discover more about the physiological and psychological mechanisms of pain expression, and it would be a tendency to establish comprehensive human pain expression database with the foundation of persistent improving investigation methods.

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Eye Tracking in Infancy and Preschooler Research: Procedure, Method and Data Analysis Wang Fuxing, Tong Yu, Qian Yingying, Xie Heping 2016, 14(4):  558-567.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1108KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Eye tracking has become a popular tool especially among children′s studies. In this article, we reviewed how to use eye tracking techniques to explore infants and children′s cognitive development. First, researchers should know how to choose remote or head-mounted eye trackers based on their research purposes, sampling rate, dark pupil corneal reflection, and bright pupil corneal reflection. Second, five points calibration is the most common calibration procedure in infant studies. Researchers also choose to use two points or three points to reduce the calibration time. The quality of calibration can influence the quality of the data. The eye movement data depends on precision, robustness, spatial accuracy, and temporal delay. Researchers should pay much attention to temporal resolution, spatial resolution, calibration, and head movements to improve the quality of the data. Third, researchers should learn how to filter the raw data and use interpolation to map the missing data. In infants study, pupil dilation, saccade latency, and smooth pursuit are special parameters to explore young children′s cognition. Finally, we suggest that researchers should pay much more attention to mining visual data and interactive data analysis techniques to develop the temporal and spatial information of eye tracking data.

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An Exploration of Sentence Processing on the Basic of Semantic Illusion Effect Ma Xie, Hu Na, Chen Rui, Wang Xiaoxi, Wang Kai, Liu Yan 2016, 14(4):  568-576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (834KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Semantic Illusion Effect indicates that semantic-plausible illusion occurs when readers process semantically anomalous sentences and the errors could only be recognized when the sentence was reprocessed. This phenomenon, in which a semantically thematic anomalous, syntactically well-formed sentence elicits a P600 effect, but no N400 effect, called the Semantic Illusion Effect. This phenomenon challenged the traditional theory of sentence processing and the functional role of N400 component and P600 component. On the basis of exploring the Semantic Illusion Effect, researchers have proposed several models, each model proposed different architecture with different semantic/syntactic streams and illustrated the relationship between them in a brand-new perspective. They also reinterpreted the functional role of N400 and P600. There were different perspectives on N400, such as ″integration″ view and ″lexical pre-activation″ view. The P600 was seen as a component reflecting aspects of combinatorial processing, not just simple syntactic processing. We propose that future research should focus on lexical semantic relationship, similarity between P600 and P3 and cross-linguistic differences in Language processing.