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20 October 2016, Volume 14 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Relation Between Working Memory Capacity and Ego Depletion Yu Bin, Liu Huijun, Yue Guo′an 2016, 14(5):  577-583.  Abstract ( )   PDF (670KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Previous studies have shown a positive relation between self-control and working memory capacity(WMC), we investigated whether self-control depletion would vary with individual differences in WMC. Sixty-six undergraduates(49 female; age 20.94±0.99)were recruited for this study. Participants first completed an automated operation span task(AOSPAN)to assess their WMC, then were randomly assigned to depleted or non-depleted condition. After that, participants completed an 84-trial Stroop test to assess depletion. To test whether WMC moderated depletion, a hierarchical linear regression was conducted with Stroop interference effect as the DV, GROUP and WMC score as IVs in the first step, and the GROUP×WMC interaction as an IV in the second step. The GROUP×WMC interaction was significant(β=0.50, p=0.002), which means that higher WMC was associated with greater depletion. These results might suggest that WMC are not an index of the amount of self-control resources a person has, rather than his or her tendency to consume them.

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Violent Video Game Players′ Attentional Bias Toward Aggressive Pictures: Evidence from ERPs Zhao Cai, Gao Xuemei, Zhou Qun, Weng Lei 2016, 14(5):  584-590.  Abstract ( )   PDF (691KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study selected 24 violent video gamer players and 24 normal subjects by the questionaire of the using games′ habits, and adopted event-related potential technique and ″cue-detecing paradigm″ to examine the attentional bias to the violent pictures. The results indicated that: 1)compared with the normal control group, the P1 latency of violent video game players to the detection target following the aggressive pictures was shorter. 2)The violent video gamers had longer latency of N1 and smaller amplitude of P2 than the normal control group when viewing pictures; they also had smaller amplitude of P300 than the normal control group to the detection targets. 3)the validity effect of cue was reflected in the early ERP component(P1). The results reflected that the violent video gamers showed obvious attentional bias toward aggressive-related information; The brain mechanism of the violent video gamers suggested that violent video games may have negative influences on gamers′ cognitive function.

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A Comparative Study on the Validity of Different Mood Induction Procedures(MIPs) Xie Yunzi, Yang Ze 2016, 14(5):  591-599.  Abstract ( )   PDF (814KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using subjective report and physiological response indexes, this study tries to synthetically explore the validity(including intensity, purity and duration)of 4 different moods(happiness, excitement, sadness and fear), which are induced by 4 widely used MIPs(Picture MIP, Music MIP, Film MIP and Autobiographical Recollection MIP). Our conclusions are as follows: 1)In general, music MIP turns out to induce the highest level of mood intensity, while picture MIP induces the lowest one. For the positive mood, music MIP induces a higher level of mood intensity, while picture MIP induces a lower one; For the negative mood, Autobiographical Recollection MIP induces a higher level of mood intensity, while music MIP induces a lower one. 2)Music MIP turns out to induce a higher level of mood purity, while picture MIP induces a lower one. 3)The durations of the moods vary in accordance with different levels of valence and arousal: the duration of happiness is nearly 1 minute, the duration of excitement is 2 minutes and 30 seconds, the duration of sadness is 1 minute and 30 seconds, and the duration of fear is 2 minutes.

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The Context-Dependency of Fairness Processing: Evidence from Behavior Study Wang Zhenzhen, Jiang Wenming 2016, 14(5):  600-604.  Abstract ( )   PDF (573KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to testify the hypothesis that fairness processing was context-dependent, the present study investigated the interaction between condition and social distance. We adopted the Ultimatum Game(UG)to probe the processes related to fairness consideration in either advantageous or disadvantageous condition with different social distance. Results indicated that condition-related differences on the fairness processing were significant, participants′ reaction time was different between unfair and fair offers in the disadvantageous condition, but this situation only happened in the familiar context group. Also, the rejection rate of unfair offers was higher in the disadvantageous than in the advantageous condition, which consisted with the findings of previous studies. Although the main effect of social distance was not significant, there in the actual context, related to strange context group, participants′ reaction time of unfair offers was slower in the familiar context group. The present findings suggested that fairness processing was context-dependent.

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The characteristics of Social Categorization: Under the change of multi-dimensional clues Wang Pei, Liu Yonghe, Sun Peng, Zhou Jing, Zhang Kaili 2016, 14(5):  605-611.  Abstract ( )   PDF (583KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Abstract：The present research focused on exploring mechanism of social categorization, in order to know under the condition of multi-dimensional clues in face recognition, which kind of social category was first extracted and up to the automatic level. Garner′s selective attention paradigm was selected, a total of 78 people participate in this research. Thirty-eight young adults were recruited through the Shanghai normal university′s undergraduate participant pool and 40 older adults from the retirement communities or senior citizen centers. The results showed that: Individuals did not automatically process object′s age and sex category simultaneously; Age and gender category changed at the same time which will weaken each other′s degree of automation processing, and the degree of automation in the processing of age category class may be higher than the degree of automation in the processing of gender category class; the respond time of old people to recognize the category of faces was slower than young people; the processing of the old people′s facial feature costs more cognitive resources; age features of female faces are more obvious than male faces.

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A Study on Learning Power for High School Students Cao Liren, Wang Ting, Zhu Lin 2016, 14(5):  612-617.  Abstract ( )   PDF (597KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We developed a scale to explore the basic structure and characteristics of learning ability for high school students(LAHSS). By surveying 3245 high school students, we have four major findings. First, high school students learning ability consists of 4 dimensions: The ability to implement methodology, the ability to moderate attitudes, the ability to self-control, and the ability to reciprocate questions. Second, LAHSS is positively associated with their scholastic achievement. Students with high scholastic achievement had significantly higher scores in all 4 dimensions than those with lower scholastic achievement. Third, 11th grade students had higher scores in the ability to moderate attitudes than did 10th grade students. Female students had higher scores in the ability to reciprocate questions than male students. Forth, 11th grade students with excellent scholastic achievements had significantly higher scores in the ability to implement methodology than did 10th grade students. 11th grade students with excellent or moderate scholastic achievements had significantly higher scores in the ability to moderate attitudes than did 10th grade students.

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Curses in Children′s Knowledge-State Reasoning: The Curse of Knowledge and Ignorance Zhang Jingjing, Yang Ying, Hu Qingfen 2016, 14(5):  618-625.  Abstract ( )   PDF (712KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study adopted a paradigm of“looking leading to knowing”to investigate the characteristics of children′s reasoning about others′ mental-state and the possible bias. The study explored 90 3- to 5- years old children′s performance in the task of knowledge-state attribution. Results showed that: 1)All 3 groups understood that looking led to knowing. 2)5 years old children could correctly reason others′ knowledge-state without any bias. 3)However, 3 and 4 years old children′s reasoning about others′ knowledge-state was influenced by their own knowledge and presented the tendency of egocentric. That is, not only does it exist the curse of knowledge, overestimating others′ knowledge because of their own knowledge, but also the curse of ignorance, overestimating others′ ignorance because of their own ignorance. What′s more, 4 years old children′s curse of knowledge exceeded curse of ignorance, which may provide the evidence that the time of children overcoming curse of ignorance was earlier than that of knowledge.

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The Relationship among Social Support, Deliberate Rumination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents after Wenchuan Earthquake Zhou Xiao, Wu Xinchun, Zeng Min, Tian Yuxin 2016, 14(5):  626-632.  Abstract ( )   PDF (622KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current longitudinal study examined the bidirectional relation between social support, deliberate rumination and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). Tuo hundred and forty-five secondary school students in the most severely affected area were investigated by self-report social support, deliberate rumination and PTSD questionnaires at 3.5 year 4.5 year and 5.5 year after Wenchuan earthquake. The cross-lagged structure equation analysis revealed that there was not a significant predictive effect between social support and deliberate rumination from 3.5 year to 5.5 year after earthquake. Between 3.5 year and 5.5 year after earthquake, PTSD had a significant predictive effect on deliberate rumination but not social support. Moreover, social support at 3.5 year after earthquake predict negatively PTSD at 4.5 year after earthquake, and deliberate rumination at 3.5 year after earthquake predict positively PTSD at 4.5 year after earthquake.

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The Influence of Speech-Associated Gestures on Cognitive Load in English Multimedia Learning Sun Chongyong 2016, 14(5):  633-639.  Abstract ( )   PDF (685KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the influence of speech-associated gestures on cognitive load and performance in English multimedia learning, the research used a 2×2 design with two between-subjects factors being level of English language skills and multimedia presentation of language learning material. The results showed that: 1)there was no main effect of speech-associated gestures on cognitive load, but there was interaction effect between the gestures and the level of English language skills. When the level of English language skills was high, the gestures decreased cognitive load; otherwise, they increased it. 2)The speech-associated gestures had no significant influence on the performance of sentence transformation, but they could increase that of comprehension ability when the level of English language skills was high. The findings suggest that the utilization of speech-associated gestures has an obvious effect in English multimedia learning, which can increase or decrease cognitive load of learners, and has an influence on their performance of comprehension ability. However, degree and direction of the effect depend on the level of learners′ English language skills.

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The Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Task Performance: Testing a Multiple Mediation Model Wang Minghui, Guo Tengfei, Chen Ping, Li Zongbo 2016, 14(5):  640-646.  Abstract ( )   PDF (683KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study used the supervisor-subordinate matching survey method to explore the relationships among spiritual leadership, task performance, supervisory commitment, organization-based self-esteem and leader-members exchange. The results revealed that: 1)Significant positive correlations were found among spiritual leadership, supervisory commitment, organization-based self-esteem, leader-members exchange, task performance; 2)Spiritual leadership had a significant positive effect on employees′ task performance; 3)Supervisory commitment, organization-based self-esteem and leader-members exchange played a parallel multiple mediation between spiritual leadership and task performance.

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Employer Brand Structure and Job Seeking Tendency Huangfu Gang, Lv Feng, Sun Daojun, Xiao Chunjin, Si Junpeng 2016, 14(5):  647-656.  Abstract ( )   PDF (965KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study adopted a revised employer brand scale to measure non-specific employer brand, with applicants′ job seeking tendency as dependent variable. By two studies, results showed that not only the instrumental attributes of employer brand structure but also the consistency of symbolic attributes of employer brand structure and applicant′s ideal self image can positively predict applicants′ job seeking tendency. It indicated that when people are searching a job, they are not only concerned with the instrumental attributes which satisfy their personal material benefit, but also the match of symbolic attributes of employer brand and self image.

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Employees′ emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: The Mediating Role of Capitalization Support and Emotional Labor Zhang Gangying, Dong Qian 2016, 14(5):  657-661.  Abstract ( )   PDF (529KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Absract The questionnaires of emotional intelligence, perceived responses to capitalization attempt, emotional labor and subjective well-being were administered to 400 employees who come from service industry. We aimed to explore the mediating effects of capitalization support and emotional labor on the relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being. Following results were found: 1)Staff′s subjective well-being, emotional intelligence in service industry were in medium level. 2)Emotional intelligence can predict subjective well being, capitalization supports and emotional labor; Emotional intelligence, capitalization supports and emotional labor can predict part of subjective well-being. 3)Capitalization supports and emotional labor are mediator variable between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being.

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The Relationship between Emotional Labor and Mental Health: The Mediate Effect of Job Burnout Hu Qing, Sun Hongwei 2016, 14(5):  662-667.  Abstract ( )   PDF (564KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study explored the relationship between emotional labor and mental health and the mediate effect of job burnout. Emotional Labor Scale, Scl-90 Scale and Overall Job burnout Scale were used to investigate a survey of 200 nurses in Shandong province. The results showed that emotional Labor negatively correlated with mental health, and had significant negative effect on mental health; emotional labor positively correlated with job burnout, and had significant positive effect on job burnout. Job burnout mediated the relationship between emotional labor and mental health. Emotional labor influenced the mental health by job burnout.

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The Influence of Marital Infidelity on Offspring′s Psychological Wellbeing and its Characteristics ——Based on the Characteristics of Sandplay Products by College Students with Family Experience of Marital Infidelity Zhang Wen, Zhang Risheng 2016, 14(5):  668-673.  Abstract ( )   PDF (843KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of the research is to explore the characteristics of sandplay productions of college students with Family Experience of Marital Infidelity, and to supply detailed and special information for sandplay therapy for them. Thirty participants in eash group of experimental and control group were asked to make initial sandplay and then analyzed by qualitative and quantitative research methods. Result showed as following: there were some significant differ-ences between control group and experimental group, especially in the dimensions of numbers and categories of sandplay miniatures, sandtray scene and theme, types of touching sand and making time. This indicated that initial sandplay produc-tions could present mental problems and symptoms of college students with family experience of marital infidelity, such as barren inner world, high defensive, unstable self, and more traumatic experience.

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Relationship between Real Innovation Preview，Sense of Corporate Employability Responsibility and Employability Voice Xiang Fei 2016, 14(5):  674-684.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1190KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Three hundred and sixty-eight knowledge employees from 59 technology-based entrepreneurship enterprises were measured by questionnaires. From the perspective of individual cognition based on the new mode of employee-organization relationship, this study attempted to reveal the relationship between corporate real innovation preview and knowledge employees′ employability voice, and on which the mediation of knowledge employees′ sense of corporate employability responsibility is. By an analysis in PLS-SEM, the results revealed that: 1)Corporate real innovation preview has significant positive effects on all dimensions of knowledge employees′ sense of corporate employability responsibility and their employability voice; 2)In all dimensions of knowledge employees′ sense of corporate employability responsibility,“based on the improvement of in-role competency”and“based on the improvement of extra-role skills”respectively has not only a significant positive effect on knowledge employees′ employability voice, but has a partial mediation on the relationship between corporate real innovation preview and knowledge employees′ employability voice; whereas the effect of“ based on career development”on knowledge employees′ employability voice isn′t significant, and the mediation of that dimension on the relationship between corporate real innovation preview and knowledge employees′ employability voice isn′t significant either.

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The Congruence Between Self-concept and Product Image and the Consuming and Using of Counterfeits: the Action and Reaction Yu Chenyi, Zhang Xiao, Wang Fang, Zuo Shijiang 2016, 14(5):  685-690.  Abstract ( )   PDF (680KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By conducting a correlation study and an experimental study, this research explores the influence of the congruity between self-concept and product-image on the purchase intention and aftereffect of counterfeits. In study 1, subjects evaluated the congruity between self-concept and product-image on three couples of genuine product and its counterfeit, and the correlation result reveals that self-congruity of counterfeits was positively associated with the purchase intention toward counterfeits. In study 2, subjects were manipulated to fulfill a matrix puzzle task with a genuine or faked pen, and redeemed their awards by themselves. The result shows that participants using faked pen lied more on their performance than those using a genuine pen. These results support the idea that self-concept has an impact all along through the purchase process. The congruity between self-concept and product-image leads people to purchase counterfeits, and in turn, the consumption of counterfeits exerts a silent influence on self-concept to make the two consistent.

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Effects of Label Position and Content in online shopping: Evidence from Female Eye Movements Yu Wenbo, Wang Peijing, Su Xiaoyu, Chen ZhenZheng, Chen Qingrong 2016, 14(5):  691-696.  Abstract ( )   PDF (662KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, thirty-five females′ eye movements were monitored as they browsed clothes in online shopping. A label located in the top or bottom of each of these clothes. The content of a label might be hot, new, or seckilling. Participants were instructed to browse 24 the clothes′ pictures and make subjective evaluation. In the early process, the results indicated that when the word hot occurred, participants spent more first fixation durations on the clothes in the below condition than in the above condition. Otherwise, more first fixations durations were paid on the clothes with the word seckilling in the above condition than in the below condition. In the late process, the results showed that when the word hot occurred, participants spent more fixation durations on the clothes in the above condition than in the below condition. However, more fixations were paid on the clothes with the word seckilling in the below condition than in the above condition. Compared to the below condition, they spent more times to brow the clothes with the word new in the above condition. Additionally, the label was marked the word seckilling, more fixation duration were spent on the clothes in the below condition than in the above condition. Subjective evaluation revealed that participants preferred the clothes with the word hot or new. These results demonstrated that the position and content of labels put strong effects on female eye movements when shopping online and these effects depended on the process.

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The Improvment of Dance Therapy on University Counselors Xuan Xi, Xu Sheng, Chen Ying, Wang Mengjiao, Wu Jie 2016, 14(5):  697-700.  Abstract ( )   PDF (469KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To study the effect of dance therapy for the counselor job burnout to improve the effect of treatment, provide methods and basis for counselors to relieve job burnout. Using simple random sampling method, randomly selected from three universities 35 counselor for research. Dance through the contrast before and after treatment of the treatment to improve the effect of job burnout of university counselors. Research method of measuring control group before and after the experiment, using the questionnaire to study 35 counselor. Questionnaire includes two parts, respectively for the general self-efficacy scale(GSES)and Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI-GS). The three dimensions of job burnout among dancing after treatment scores dropped significantly, self-efficacy significantly increased. Dancing treatment can improve job burnout of college counselors.

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The Effect of Explicit Instructions to“Be Creative”and Its Implications for Creativity Teaching Pang Weiguo, Han Jiantao, Xu Xiaobo, Lin Chongde 2016, 14(5):  701-708.  Abstract ( )   PDF (717KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The effect of explicit instructions to "be creative"refers to the phenomenon that instructing people to "be creative"before a creative task can lead to more creative responses. To date, the be-creative effect has been interpreted from the views of maximal performance, goal-setting and controlled-attention. Several factors have been found to be associated with the occurrence of this effect, including guidance of instructions, types of the creative tasks, as well as the cultural and individual characteristics of the participants. The effect of explicit instructions has important implications for creativity teaching. During the teaching for creativity, instructors should set explicit creative goals for the students, elaborate instructions for different tasks, and adapt teaching to the individuals with different cultural and intellectual characteristics.

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The influence of situational factors on lying: Based on self-concept maintenance theory Liang Jing, Yan Wenjing, Chen Wenfeng, Fu Xiaolan 2016, 14(5):  709-714.  Abstract ( )   PDF (574KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Situational factors play a significant role in lying behavior. The present study summarized the influence of individual′s internal state(self-control resource and religious representation/ moral belief priming)and external factors(money incentive and interpersonal factor)on lying behavior based on the self-concept maintenance theory. Furthermore, future study should pay attention to the influence of self-awareness on lying and the mental mechanism as well as neural correlates of the effects of situation on lying.

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The Effectiveness and Mechanism of Pinyin in Chinese Learning Chen Lin, Zhou Xiaobing, Wang Yuhan 2016, 14(5):  715-720.  Abstract ( )   PDF (540KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Pinyin, a phonemic transcription of Chinese, is widely used in teaching Chinese children and foreigners. This review focuses on three aspects of present Pinyin studies. The first part is on how does Pinyin promote Chinese children′s early literacy skills and phonological awareness. The second part is on how does presentation ways of Pinyin affect character learning performances. The third part reviews on neural comparisons between Pinyin reading and character reading. Previous studies mainly focus on roles of Pinyin in Chinese learning. Further research needs to pay attention to Pinyin processing mechanism.