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20 July 2018, Volume 16 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Empathy and Sympathy or Compassion: Source, Conception and Measurement YAN Zhiqiang, SU Jinlong, SU Yanjie 2018, 16(4):  433-440.  Abstract ( )   PDF (671KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics As a social glue, empathy has always been considered as one of the most important research projects in social cognitive neuroscience. However, with the deepening of research, the original concept and connotation of empathy have gradually become vague, which is embodied in the mixture of empathy, sympathy, and compassion in research. In fact, unlike empathy, sympathy and compassion have a long history. For example, the notion of ‘ceyinzhixin’, which was raised by Mencius, and Hume's sympathy theory. In order to distinguish the concept and connotation of empathy, sympathy, and compassion, and to elaborate the related problems in present research, the current study reviews the references from word sources, concepts and measurements, as to standardize the use of these terms and provide some suggestions for empirical research and theoretical discussion in this field.

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The Effects of Embodied Emotion and Creative Thinking: Situational Regulatory Focus as Moderator YAO Haijuan, WANG Jinxia, SU Qingli, BAI Xuejun 2018, 16(4):  441-448.  Abstract ( )   PDF (761KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The experiment used a facial manipulation task to induce the embodied positive, negative emotions, set a control group, and then used the dual-task to initiate the situational regulatory focus. Subjects were asked to complete the creative thinking task in order to investigate the influence of embodied emotion and situational regulatory focus on creative thinking. The results found that:1) The scores of originality under the embodied positive emotion condition were higher than that under the control condition, and the scores of fluency and flexibility under the embodied negative emotion condition were lower than that under the control condition; 2) Promotion focus was more beneficial to creativity than was prevention focus; 3) creative thinking level may be enhanced by a match between embodied positive emotion and promotion focus and may be decreased by a match between embodied positive, negative emotion and prevention focus. The findings highlight embodied positive emotion promotes the originality of creative thinking, embodied negative emotion hinders the fluency and flexibility of creative thinking, and situational regulatory focus has a moderator effect between embodied emotion and creative thinking.

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The Effects of Emotion on Behavioral Inhibition were Modulated by Extraversion ZHAO Xiaolin, ZHANG Yan, WANG Jianfeng 2018, 16(4):  449-457.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1085KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using a two-choice oddball task and event-related potential (ERP) measures, the present study investigated the impact of emotion on behavioral inhibition as well as the moderate effect of extraversion. Behavioral results showed that irrespective of emotional valence, longer response time for deviant stimuli than for standard stimuli was found, demonstrating there were behavioral inhibitory effects during deviant condition. Moreover, in introverted subjects, the response time difference between negative deviant stimuli and standard stimuli was larger than the response time difference between positive deviant stimuli and standard stimuli. ERP results found that in introverted subjects, positive stimuli lead to smaller N2 amplitudes than neutral and negative stimuli. However, in extroverted subjects, there was no difference under different emotion conditions. Moreover, introverted subjects showed larger P3 amplitudes for positive stimuli than neutral and negative stimuli. On the contrary, in extroverted subjects, negative stimuli elicited more pronounced P3 amplitudes than positive and neutral stimuli. The above results show that the impacts of emotion on behavioral inhibition are modulated by extraversion.

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The Antipriming Effect of Chinese Character Identification ZHANG Feng 2018, 16(4):  458-463.  Abstract ( )   PDF (690KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The antipriming effect of Chinese character identification was explored by three serious experiments using the priming experimental paradigm including a baseline measurement to test the theory of superimposed representations of memory. The results of Experiment 1 showed that compared to baseline, priming increased accuracy rates of identifying primed characters; however, it decreased significantly accuracy rates of identifying unprimed characters which had the same parts of character shapes as primed characters. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that the antipriming effect was not caused by attention bias or participants' fatigue. In conclusion, antipriming effect existed in identifying Chinese characters, and it provided new evidence to support superimposed representation theory.

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Repeated Reading of English Passage for Chinese College Students: An Eye-Tracking Study SHEN Yinglun, MENG Zhu, LAN Zebo, WANG Yingchao, YAN Guoli 2018, 16(4):  464-470.  Abstract ( )   PDF (608KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics It is well accepted that students have difficulties in second language reading and the effective use of reading strategies may improve students' reading abilities. Repeated reading(RR) is an evidence-based instructional technique for improving reading fluency of poor readers in which they are required to read the same text multiple times until a certain level of fluency is reached. The present study explored the effect of repeated reading on second language readers. 50 students who were Chinese native speakers read one English passage embedded with high and low frequency words five times, during which their eye movements were recorded. Results showed that repeated reading facilitated the English passage reading of Chinese students, reflecting by shorter reading time, less fixations and regressions and larger saccade amplitude as the reading times increased. Besides, repeated reading effect made greater improvements on low-frequency words than high-frequency words. These findings have implications for instructions on second language reading.

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The Degree of Mind Wandering in Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements WU Guolai, YIN Xiaojuan, ZHANG Jingjing, REN Fangyuan, GAO Yuan 2018, 16(4):  471-476.  Abstract ( )   PDF (531KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Selecting sixty graduate participants performed the Sustained Attention to Stimulus Task,eye movements were recorded by a SR Research Eyelink-1000 eye tracker. Through analysis of three eye-movement measures,including the regression path reading time of error-sentence, the gaze duration of previous sentence' last word and the gaze duration of previous sentence' low-frequency word,to prove that there are different levels of MW in reading. Results showed that, 1) above mentioned three eye-movement measures were significantly longer while detected an error compared to overlooked it; 2) the regression path reading time of error-sentence and the gaze duration of previous sentence' last word was no significantly difference between overlooked a lexical error and overlooked a discourse error, however the gaze duration of previous sentence' low-frequency word was significantly shorter during overlooked a lexical error compared to overlooked a discourse error.These results revealed that there were two different levels of MW in reading, namely deeply MW and weakly MW.

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How do Readers Skip a Word During Reading? ZANG Chuanli, LU Zijia, BAI Yu, ZHANG Manman 2018, 16(4):  477-483.  Abstract ( )   PDF (627KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics It is well known that our eyes move to different locations in text reading to obtain the useful information for comprehension. Eye movements in reading is not a sequence of word-to-word movements, many words are not fixated but skipped. While in reading English texts, about one third of words are skipped, whereas in reading Chinese texts, there are approximately 50% Chinese single character words skipped during Chinese reading. The reasons why words are sometimes skipped, whether these skipped words are processed, and if so, when they are processed, are not well understood. Specifically, 1) word skipping is based on complete recognition or partial "coarse" recognition of a word in the parafovea? 2) does foveal processing load influence the skipping of the upcoming word? 3) will both parafoveal and foveal processing efficiency influence word skipping in Chinese reading? And 4) the visual and linguistic information:which is more important in explaining word skipping in reading. The present study reviewed the findings from previous literature, and then put forward the future directions in this field based on the characteristics of Chinese writing system.

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The Development Characteristics of Retrival Practice: A Comparison Between Children Aged 8 to 9 Years and Adults MA Xiaofeng, WANG Binqiang, ZHOU Aibao 2018, 16(4):  484-489,533.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1035KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study selected children aged 8 to 9 years and college students as subject, using the classic retrival-practice paradigm, in order to observe the development characteristics of retrival practice in the semantic material through the comparison of practiced items (Rp+) with baseline items (Nrp) and comparison of unpracticed items (Rp-) with baseline items (Nrp). The results showed that:1) children aged 8 to 9 years and college students are observed from retrival practice effect in the same semantic material, and the two in retrival practice effect were not significant; 2) children aged 8 to 9 years and college students in the same semantic materials showed the retrival-induced forgetting, and the difference of retrival-induced forgetting was not significant. The findings suggest that the memory effect of 8-9 years old in the retrival practice has reached the level of adult.This study enriches the research of the development of retrival practice, and provides the basis for the use of retrival practice in the teaching activities of the lower grades.

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The Relationship Between Mindset and Mathematics Engagement Among Pupils: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Academic Control and Expectancy JIANG Shuyang, LIU Rude, ZHEN Rui, HONG Wei, JIN Fangkai 2018, 16(4):  490-496.  Abstract ( )   PDF (665KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study aimed to explore the mediating effects of perceived academic control and expectancy on the relationship between mindset and engagement in math context. 743 upper grade pupils from a primary school in Beijing were recruited to complete self-report questionnaires measuring growth mindset, perceived academic control, academic expectancy, and mathematics engagement. The main findings of the study were as following:1) Growth mindset positively correlated with perceived academic control, academic expectancy, and mathematics engagement. 2) Growth mindset had a positive effect on mathematics engagement not only through the direct path, but also through the indirect path of perceived academic control and academic expectancy, as well as the chain mediating path between these two variables.

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A Study on the Problem Representation of the Mathematical Problem-solving of Children with Mathematics Disabilities with and without Comorbid Reading Disabilities Liu Di 2018, 16(4):  497-504.  Abstract ( )   PDF (636KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this study was to examine differences in math problem solving among students with mathematics learning disabilities (MD) with and without comorbid reading disabilities (RD), and average achieving students. The primary interest was to analyze the processes students use to translate and integrate problem information while solving problems. Results indicated that both students with MD and students with MD+RD struggled with processing and were significantly weaker than their peers in paraphrasing irrelevant numerical information and visual relevant information. Students with MD used significantly more schematics representations than students with MD+RD. Schematic representations can promote the accuracy of word problem for mathematics learning disabilities.

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Mental Arithmetic Performance of Children with Different Approximate Number System Acuity: Effect of Mental Arithmetic Forms ZONG Zheng, LI Hongxia, SI Jiwei 2018, 16(4):  505-511.  Abstract ( )   PDF (592KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics One hundred and twelve second graders from a primary school (8-to 9-year-old) participated in measuring approximate number system acuity, working memory and mental arithmetic accuracy and reaction time. With working memory as a covariate, the influence of different mental arithmetic forms (watching calculation, reading calculation) on mental arithmetic performance of children with different acuity of ANS was explored. Results showed that 1) mental arithmetic forms had a significant effect on mental arithmetic accuracy. Children who used reading calculation had the best performance; 2) after controlling the effect of working memory, when using watching calculation, the accuracy of mental arithmetic in children with high ANS acuity was higher than those with low ANS acuity. However, when using reading calculation, children with different ANS acuity had no significant difference on the accuracy of mental arithmetic. The above findings imply that reading calculation may be one of effective ways to improve the performance of mental arithmetic for children with low ANS acuity.

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The Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Job Burnout in Preschool Teachers: Testing the Mediating Roles of Big Five Personality MIAO Peijun, XIE Shanshan, CHEN Zefei, LIAN Rong 2018, 16(4):  512-517.  Abstract ( )   PDF (598KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By investigation with questionnaire and 373 preschool teachers as subjects, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between psychological resilience and job burnout in preschool teachers and test the mediating roles of big five personality during this relationship. Results showed that:1) psychological resilience was negatively correlated with job burnout; 2) job ability and self-efficiency negatively predicted the level of job burnout; 3) psychological resilience negatively predicted the level of job burnout through the mediating effects of Neuroticism, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. This study suggested that improving psychological resilience and shaping good personality can prevent and reduce preschool teachers' job burnout.

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The Impact of Social Support on Rural Teachers′ Work Engagement From the Double Perspective of Work-Family Balance-A Multiple Mediation Model ZENG Lianping, HE Mingyuan, PAN Yun, ZHAO Shouying 2018, 16(4):  518-524.  Abstract ( )   PDF (703KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study explored the impact of social support on rural teachers' work engagement and the mediating role of work-family conflict and work-family facilitation. A total of 351 rural teachers were surveyed using the work-family balance scale, work engagement scale, and social support scale. The results showed that:1) Rural teachers' social support, work-family conflict, work-family facilitation and work engagement are significantly related to each other. 2) Social support influences the level of rural teachers' work engagement through the multiple mediation roles of work-family conflict and work-family facilitation. This indicates that social support can not only directly affect the work engagement of rural teachers, but also indirectly effect it through work-family balance.

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Will Fatigue Lead to Lie? Ego Depletion Weaken Honest Behavior and its Mitigation Mechanism NIE Yangang, LI Zhenhua, DOU Kai, MAO Lanping 2018, 16(4):  525-533.  Abstract ( )   PDF (781KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to examine the performance of honest behavior under the high or low ego depletion and whether guilt emotions can buffer the negative impact of ego depletion on honest behavior, this study was based on the self-control resource model and used two progressive behavioral experiments. In Experiment 1, the "non-dominant hand reaction" task was used to manipulate the level of ego depletion. The prediction accuracy in the "guess coin positive and negative" was used as an indicator of honest behavior. The results showed that subjects under high depletion condition were more likely to lie about their correct rate than were the ones under low depletion. Based on the results of experiment 1, in experiment 2, "point game" task was used to measure the honest behavior and increased a guilt emotion task. The results were consistent with those of experiment 1. Moreover, we found that the dishonest behavior decreased after evoking guilt emotions. Therefore, ego depletion reduced the honest behavior. However, this effect could be buffered after evoking the guilt emotion.

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The Effect of Reinforcement Sensitivity of Personality on Intimate Relationships: The Mediation Effect of Adult Attachment GU Li, YANG Ruoxi, ZHOU Guangdong 2018, 16(4):  534-540.  Abstract ( )   PDF (682KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, the mediation effect of adult attachment on the relationship between reinforcement sensitivity of personality and intimacy, passion, and commitment was investigated. Three questionnaires, the experiences in close relationships inventory, the triangular love scale, and the sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire, were selected as the measurements, and the participants were 558 undergraduates who were in romantic relationships. The important mediating role of adult attachment is confirmed by the results:1) The sensitivity to punishment influences intimacy, passion and commitment through avoidance; 2) Both sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward influence intimacy and passion through anxiety. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that adult attachment significantly mediates the effect of reinforcement sensitivity of personality on intimate relationships.

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The Implication of Group Forgiveness Intervention in College Students Suffered from Amativeness and Its Inspirations to Mental Health Education in Universities SUN Hui, ZHANG Tian, FU Hong 2018, 16(4):  541-548.  Abstract ( )   PDF (655KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To exam the effectiveness of group forgiveness intervention in college students suffered from amativeness, 31 female college students who were suffered from amativeness were collected in the research. 10 of them were distributed into forgiveness intervention group, 10 were in general group, and 11were in control group. Forgiveness group and general group received the group counseling 6 times. The results show:1) In pre-test, 3 groups had no significant differences on every scale; 2) In post-test, forgiveness group's scores of amative scale were better than general group and control group, but the scores of depression, anxiety, and well-being had no significant differences; 3) The comparison of pre- and post- test showed that in forgiveness group, every scale had significant differences, in general group, only the scores of amative forgiveness had significant differences, and in control group, every scale had no significant differences. The study invested that the direction of forgiveness intervention is clearer, and the results of the study could enlighten mental health education in universities

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The Role of Hopelessness and Gratitude in the Association between Rumination and College Students′ Suicidal Ideation: A Moderate Mediation Model LIN Lin, LIU Yu, WANG Chenxu, MO Juanchan, LIU Junqi, JIANG Zhehao, LI Huisheng, JIA Xuji 2018, 16(4):  549-556.  Abstract ( )   PDF (707KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on cognitive model of suicidal behavior, this study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether hopelessness mediated the relationship between rumination and college students' suicidal ideation, and whether this mediating process was moderated by gratitude from the positive psychology perspective. A survey with a sample of 1191 college students was conducted to explore the mediating and moderating effects. Results were as follows:1) Rumination significantly positively contributed to suicidal ideation; 2) Hopelessness played a mediating role in the relationship between rumination and suicidal ideation; 3) Gratitude moderated the mediated path through hopelessness, such that this mediating effect was only significant for one with gratitude at the low level.

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The Effect of Paternalistic Leadership on the Turnover Intention of Employees: Mediated by Organizational Identification WU Kai, ZHANG Zaixuan, LI Yongxin 2018, 16(4):  557-562.  Abstract ( )   PDF (579KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of the present research is to explore the mediating effect of organizational identification between paternalistic leadership and turnover intention. Using paternalistic leadership scale, organizational identification scale and turnover intention scale, we investigated 202 employees in which there were 176 valid questionnaires at three different time points.Moral leadership and benevolence leadership both have obviously positive correlation with organizational identification, and obviously negative correlation with turnover intention. Authoritarianism leadership have obviously positive correlation with turnover intention. There exists significant negative correlation between organizational identification and turnover intention.The results of hierarchical regression analysis(HRA) showed that superior's moral leadership has significant positive effect on turnover intention and organizational identification of subordinates. Authoritarianism has significant positive effect on organizational identification. Then, Bootstrap analysis procedures were used to test the mediation relationships among the study variables. Moral leadership's negative effect on turnover intention was fully mediated by organizational identification, and authoritarianism leadership's positive effect on turnover intention was fully mediated by organizational identification.

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The Effect of Subjective Social Class on Prosocial Behavior XIE Xiaona, LI Xiaoping 2018, 16(4):  563-569.  Abstract ( )   PDF (645KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The subjective social class is the position of the individual in the society when compared with others. In order to clarify the relationship between subjective social class and prosocial behavior, and the role of social distance, this study examined the effect of subjective social class on interpersonal relations orientation and altruistic behavior. In experiment 1, the questionnaire survey was used to investigate the differences of relationship orientation between high and low subjective social class. The result showed that the participants with high subjective social class exhibited higher scores on the communal relationship orientation scale than those with low subjective social class. In experiment 2, participants were randomly assigned to conditions in which they were primed with low and high feelings of subjective social class, then they were measured the altruistic behavior in the different conditions of short and far social distance. The measurement of altruistic behavior was based on the dictator game of amount allocation. The result showed that the subjective social class and the social distance had significant interaction effects to altruistic behavior. Simple effect test results showed that, there was no significant difference in altruistic behavior to short social distance between high and lower class, but the high class showed more altruism to the far social distance than the lower class. These results suggest that the higher subjective social class will exhibit more prosocial behavior, and the social distance has a moderating effect between subjective social class and prosocial behavior.

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Physical Exercise and Mental Health: The Effect of Emotion Regulation Self-Efficacy and Emotion Regulation Strategy JIANG Yuan, ZHANG Liwei, MAO Zhixiong 2018, 16(4):  570-576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (760KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study was conducted with a questionnaire survey by taking 814 college students and middle school students as the subjects. In order to explore the internal mechanism of the relationship between physical exercise and mental health, a new structural relationship consisting of two important variables, emotion regulation self-efficacy and emotion regulation strategy were constructed on the basis of a survey of relevant factors. The study found that:1) The level of anxiety and depression of college students was significantly higher than that of middle school students, and that of boys was higher than that of girls; College students majoring in physical education have higher adjustment efficacy of depression and pain than non-sports majors. 2) Physical exercise affects mental health through influencing emotion regulation self-efficacy; Emotion regulation self-efficacy affects mental health through influencing emotion regulation strategies. 3) Emotion regulation self-efficacy and emotion regulation strategy play an intermediary role in the relationship between physical exercise and mental health.