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    The Development and Validation of Social Emotion Scale
    Liu YANG, Wei DU, Ping FANG, Yuan JIANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 446-453.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.003
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    Considering the new social emotion characteristics in the latest situation, we constructed the theoretical structure of social emotion based on the positive-negative emotion model, and developed the Social Emotion Scale. A total of 1464 people were tested to verify the scale’s structure and its reliability and validity. The results showed that Social Emotion Scale consisted of two subscales. Positive Social Emotion Scale had three dimensions including social pride, social compassion and social gratitude. Negative Social Emotion Scale had four dimensions including social apathy, social complaint, social anxiety and social impetuosity. The Social Emotion Scale and its subscales have good reliability and validity and can be used as an effective tool to measure the social emotion of the public.

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    The Effect of Threat-Related Emotions on Time Perception: Based on the Emotional Motivation Dimension
    Xiujuan GUO, Weicong REN, Zhijie ZHANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 289-295.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.001
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    The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of two specific threatening emotions, anger and fear on time perception based on the emotional motivation dimension theory. By using different emotional pictures (faces in Experiment 1 and bodies in Experiment 2) and different time perception tasks (time comparison tasks in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, and time estimation tasks in Experiment 3), we found that compared with the neutral emotion, anger shortened the time perception while fear lengthened it. These results suggest that time perception becomes shorter under approach motivation and longer under withdrawal motivation.

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    Family Cohesion and Depression: The Role of Social Anxiety and Gratitude
    Haidong LIU, Zhijun YU, Baojuan YE, Qiang YANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 556-563.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.017
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    This study aimed to explore the relationship between family closeness and depression, and to examine the mediating effect of social anxiety and the moderating effect of gratitude. A total of 1027 university students participated in the questionnaire survey. The results showed that: 1) social anxiety partially mediated the association between family cohesion and depression among college students; 2) the direct effect of family cohesion on depression and the path from family cohesion to social anxiety, and the path from social anxiety to depression were all moderated by gratitude. Specifically, the effect of family cohesion on social anxiety and depression was enhanced with the increase of gratitude. The association between social anxiety and depression was weaker for university students with higher gratitude. This study reveals the effect of family closeness on college students’ depression, which has implications for the prevention of college students’ depression.

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    Repeating Words Cannot Help Chinese Readers to Obtain Word Class Information from Parafoveal Words
    Zijia LU, Zhichao ZHANG, Ying FU, Manman ZHANG, Chuanli ZANG, Xuejun BAI
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (5): 577-584.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.001
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    Repeating words can facilitate word processing at the early stage during sentence reading. The current study aimed to investigate whether readers can extract word class information from parafoveal words using repeating words that appeared in the same sentences prior to the target words as preview words. The results showed that: 1) fixation durations of the target word were shorter and the fixation probabilities were lower in repeated preview than in non-repeated preview; 2) the main effect of word class was not reliable; 3) there was no significant difference in the consistency of word classes between repeated and non-repeated previews. The findings suggest that readers do not obtain word class information of parafoveal words when repeating words are used as previews. The results support the E-Z reader model.

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    Attention Bias of Emotional Body Language in Autism Spectrum Disorders
    Chengshi LI, Hongjun JIANG, Jinsheng HU
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 296-303.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.002
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    Emotional body language is a typical non-literal form of language to convey emotional information in social situations. This study investigated the characteristics and cognitive mechanisms of emotional body language processing in individuals with autism in terms of attentional bias. In Experiment 1, the participants were presented with emotional body language images of happiness, anger and fear by using the dot detection paradigm. The results showed that no attentional bias to certain kinds of emotional body language was found in the autism group. In Experiment 2, free browsing paradigm with higher ecological validity was used to investigate the eye movement characteristics of the emotional body language images in the individuals with autism. The results showed that avoidance to sad body language, facilitation to happy body language and difficulty of disengagement to happy body language were found in the autism group. The results indicate that attentional bias characteristics of emotional body language in the individuals with autism are different. The free browsing paradigm has higher sensitivity and validity on recognizing attentional bias of emotional body language.

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    The Development of People’s Social Adaptation Scale
    Ping FANG, Zijian YI, Yuan JIANG, Hui PANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 433-439.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.001
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    Social adaptation is an important indicator of social mind. Due to the lack of appropriate tools for social adjustment, this study developed a scale of social adaptation of the population based on the theory of harmony and balance between human and society, of which the reliability was tested. The study sampled 965 people from various industries and positions across the country, formed a formal scale through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and conducted confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests on the data. The scale had 4 dimensions, including interpersonal adaptation, cultural adaptation, life adaptation and self-adaptation, with a total of 23 items. The internal consistency coefficient of the total scale was 0.95, the internal consistency coefficients of the dimensions ranged from 0.82 to 0.93, and the test-retest reliability was 0.83. In conclusion, the reliability and validity of the People’s Social Adaptation Scale meets psychometric standards and provides an effective tool for measuring people’s social adaptation.

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    The Straw that Breaks the Camel’s Back: The Effects of Major Failure on the Frustration Levels of Undergraduates with High and Low Perseverance
    Xu DU, Mengmeng FENG, Xuejun BAI
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 374-380.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.012
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    The current study aimed to investigate the effects of major failure on the frustration levels of undergraduates with high and low perseverance. In study 1, undergraduates with high and low perseverance were asked to complete tasks differing in importance. The results showed that undergraduates had more negative emotions and more confidence about their success when they experienced failure in the most important task. Undergraduates with low perseverance expressed less intention to persist, while undergraduates with high perseverance displayed more persistence when they experienced failure in the most important task. In study 2, undergraduates with high and low perseverance were asked to complete a task and experience consecutive failures. For undergraduates with high perseverance, the results showed that their confidence in success decreased significantly after experiencing three or four consecutive failures. Also, their intention to persist decreased significantly after experiencing three consecutive failures. For undergraduates with low perseverance, the results showed that their emotional experience and intention to persist decreased significantly after experiencing three or five consecutive failures. Also, their confidence in success decreased significantly when they experienced two or four consecutive failures. These results indicate that task importance affects the frustration levels of undergraduates with high and low perseverance. The frustration levels of undergraduates with high and low perseverance who experienced consecutive failures showed different trends.

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    The Relationship Between Physical Exercise and Smartphone Addiction in College Students: The Chain Mediating Effect of Innovative Behavior and Mental Health
    Yanbin GONG, Haibo YANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (6): 770-775.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.06.007
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    To investigate the relationship between physical exercise and smartphone addiction in college students and research the chain mediating effect of innovative behavior and mental health, the Physical Exercise Questionnaire for College Students, the Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students, the Innovative Behavior Scale, and the Self-reporting Inventory (SCL-90) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey among 1679 college students in an undergraduate university. The results showed that: 1) Physical exercise demonstrated a significant negative correlation with smartphone addiction, while it showed positive correlations with innovative behavior and mental health. Both innovative behavior and mental health were significantly negatively correlated with smartphone addiction, and innovative behavior was positively correlated with mental health. 2) Innovative behavior and mental health respectively played a partial mediating role between physical exercise and smartphone addiction. 3) Innovative behavior and mental health played a chain mediating role between physical exercise and smartphone addiction.
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    The Relationship Between Parental Psychological Control and Children’s Academic Anxiety: The Role of Future Orientation and Parental Academic Involvement
    Tiantian LI, Jiyou GU
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 359-366.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.010
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    The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between parental psychological control, future orientation, parental academic involvement and academic anxiety among children. A sample of 5164 children in grades 4 to 6 from 7 primary schools of Shandong Province completed anonymous questionnaires. After controlling for age, only child and gender, the results showed that: 1) Parental psychological control could negatively predict future orientation and positively predict children’s academic anxiety. 2) The relation between parental psychological control and children’s academic anxiety was mediated by future orientation. 3) The effect of parental psychological control on children’s academic anxiety was moderated by parental academic involvement. These results indicate that parental psychological control decreases the future orientation of children and thus increases children’s academic anxiety, whereas parental academic involvement reduces the negative effects of parental psychological control on children’s academic anxiety.

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    The Relationship Between Parents’ Co-parenting and Parenting Stress: The Mediation Effect of Parent-Child Intimacy and Parent-Child Conflict
    Yujue PENG, Cheng GUO, Jinyi ZENG, Shuai CHEN
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 488-495.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.008
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    Based on the family systems theory and the parent-child relationship model of parenting stress, a total of 5362 parents of primary school students were investigated by using questionnaires. From the perspective of relationships in the family system, the present study explored the relationship between co-parenting and parenting stress, as well as the mediating role of parental perception of parent-child relationship between the two. The results showed that: 1) Integrity, conflict, and disparagement in co-parenting could significantly predict parenting stress, while integrity had no significant predictive effect on parenting stress. 2) Parent-child intimacy played a partial mediating role between integrity/conflict in co-parenting and parenting stress, while it played a fully mediating role between consistent co-parenting and parenting stress; parent-child conflict partially mediated the relationship between integrity/conflict/disparagement in co-parenting and parenting stress. This study explored the impact mechanism of parenting stress from the perspective of family relationships, which provides a basis for intervention measures such as family therapy. The results emphasize the construction of positive relationships among family members, which aim to provide support for parents by creating a positive family relationship atmosphere and good interaction modes, that can alleviate parenting stress.

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    The Relationship Between Parenting Types and Adolescent Internet Addiction: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies
    Pingping ZHAN, Jingjing GU, Jinliang WANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (6): 776-783.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.06.008
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    To examine the latent profiles of paternal and maternal parenting style and their association with internet addiction as well as the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies between them, this study surveyed 4091 middle school students in Chongqing, China. All the participants completed the related questionnaires, including the Parenting Style Questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategy Questionnaire, and the Internet Addiction Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) There were three profiles of paternal parenting style as well as maternal parenting style, including positive, mixed, and negative profiles respectively. 2) Compared with the mixed parenting style, the positive parenting style significantly and negatively predicted internet addiction. 3) Adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies played as a mediator between positive parenting style and internet addiction when the mixed parenting style was regarded as a reference group. Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between negative parenting style and internet addiction when the mixed parenting style was regarded as a reference group.
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    The Relationship Between Interparental Conflict and Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being: A Chain Mediation Model
    Ran HE, Fumei CHEN, Rui LUO, Yunyan ZHAO, Zhaoyi LI, Yuhan LUO
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 352-358.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.009
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    To explore the relationship between interparental conflict and adolescents’ subjective well-being in two-child families, and to analyze the mediating effects of sibling relationships and basic psychological needs satisfaction, based on family system theory and self-determination theory, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 907 adolescents from two-child families. Results showed that: 1) Interparental conflict was significantly and negatively related to adolescents’ subjective well-being in two-child families. 2) The interparental conflict on the subjective well-being of adolescents was mediated by “sibling warmth/hostility” respectively in two-child families. 3) “Sibling warmth - basic psychological needs satisfaction” also played the partial role of chain intermediary between the interparental conflict and adolescents’ subjective well-being in two-child families. Practically, these findings reveal the process of interparental conflict on adolescents’ subjective well-being in two-child families, which provides implications for the upbringing of two-child families.

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    The Mechanisms of How Moral Identity Impacts on Cooperative Behavior in Social Dilemmas
    Hong LI, Jiahao LIN, Ning HE, Ziyi WANG, Liang ZHANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 410-417.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.017
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    The common resource dilemma is an important proposition that explores the trade-off between collective and individual interests in the context of shared “public resources”. In this study, a behavioral experiment was conducted using the common resource dilemma paradigm to examine the effects of moral identity on cooperative behavior and the mediating and moderating roles of explanation level and money initiation. The results showed that: 1) those with high moral identity in social dilemmas had more cooperative behavior; 2) the level of explanation played a mediating role in the effect of moral identity on cooperative behavior; and 3) money initiation moderated the effect of moral identity on cooperative behavior and had a significant inhibitory effect on the positive prediction of moral identity on cooperative behavior. Under the neutral initiation condition, moral identity significantly and positively influenced cooperative behavior; while under the money initiation condition, the effect was weakened and tended to disappear.

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    The Development of People’s Social Risk Perception Scale
    Hui PANG, Xiaonan JIN, Yuan JIANG, Ping FANG
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 440-445.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.002
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    The current research developed a scale of people’s perception of social risk as the existing measurement tools can only partially reflect the potential risk of society and lacking the overall reflection at the level of the whole society. The initial scale was formed and the structure of people’s social risk perceptions was determined through literature review, expert assessments, and surveys. The formal scale of people’s social risk perceptions was formed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale had 30 items and 10 dimensions which included network security, housing stress, pension, open government, regional disparity, health, education, social interaction, ecological environment and job security. The internal consistency reliability, content validity, construct validity and criterion related validity of the scale meet the criteria of psychometrics standards, and the People’s Social Risk Perception Scale is suitable for the measurement of people’s social risk perception in China which provides a scientific basis for social risk assessment, early warning and intervention.

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    The Relationship Between WeChat Usage on Older Adults and Sense of Gain: The Chain Mediation of Perceived Social Support and Meaning in Life
    Junjie JIANG, Junyi CHEN, Jing YU
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 367-373.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.011
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    The popularity and usage of WeChat have brought challenges and changes to the lives of the elderly. This study investigated the influence and mechanism of older adults’ WeChat use intensity on their sense of gain. Nine hundred and sixteen older adults over 55 years old in Chongqing were recruited to complete the WeChat Use Intensity Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and Sense of Gain Scale. The results showed that: 1) the intensity of WeChat use positively predicted older adults’ sense of gain; 2) perceived social support and the meaning in life played partial and chain mediation roles in the relationship between WeChat use intensity and sense of gain. These results indicate that the elderly’s use of WeChat can improve their perceived social support and the meaning in life, so as to enhance their sense of gain.

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    The Relationship Between Self-Differentiation and Online Game Addiction in College Students: The Chain Mediating Effect of Shyness and Self-Control
    Jiaojiao LI, Hailong YUAN, Bibo XU
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (3): 395-402.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.03.015
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    To explore the relationship between college students’ self-differentiation and online game addiction and the chain mediating effect of shyness and self-control, a sample of 791 college students was enrolled in the present research to fill out the Self-Differentiation Scale, Shyness Scale, Self-Control Scale and Online Game Addiction Questionnaire. The results showed that: 1) Self-differentiation could significantly predict online game addiction. 2) Self-control mediated the relationship between self-differentiation and online game addiction. 3) Shyness and self-control played significant chain mediating roles between self-differentiation and online game addiction. This study clarifies the influence mechanism of self-differentiation on online game addiction and provides a new theoretical perspective for prevention and intervention of online game addiction.

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    The Relationship Between Positive Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in High School Students: Self-Construal as a Mediator and Social Comparison as a Moderator
    Kexin TIAN, Shanyan YIN, Yiwen WU, Wenbin HU
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (5): 712-719.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.019
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    To explore the relationship between positive empathy and prosocial behavior in high school students and its specific mechanisms, we used the questionnaire method to investigate 775 high school students, in which the mediating role of self-construal and the moderating role of social comparison were focused. The results showed that: 1) Positive empathy had a significant positive predictive effect on prosocial behavior. 2) Independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal played a partial mediating role in the relationship between positive empathy and prosocial behavior. 3) Downward social comparison moderated the effect of positive empathy on independent self-construal. The findings provide evidence to support the dynamic relationship between positive empathy, self-construal, social comparison and prosocial behavior in high school students, and provide new ideas and methods to promote prosocial behavior in high school students.

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    The Effect of Parent-Child Discrepancies in Educational Expectations on Academic Achievement Among Middle School Students
    Zhongwei WANG, Yanjing REN, Xiaochen CHEN
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 496-502.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.009
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    With a sample of 888 middle school students and their parents from two public middle schools in Chongqing, the current study examined the impact of different types of parent-child discrepancies in educational expectations on students’ academic achievement, as well as the mediating roles of parental involvement and academic self-concept. Results indicated that: 1) Achievement of adolescents was higher when their parents held higher expectations than adolescents held or when adolescents perceived that their parents’ expectations were lower than their own. 2) Parental involvement mediated the link between “actual parents’ educational expectations higher than self-educational expectations” and academic achievement. 3) Academic self-concept mediated the link between “perceived parents’ educational expectations higher than self-educational expectations” and academic achievement, as well as the link between “perceived parents’ educational expectations lower than self-educational expectations” and achievement.

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    Trait Impulsivity and Its Relationship with Suicide Risk: Based on Latent Profile Analysis
    Yang YANG, Yanan YANG, Shaojie QIU, Yingna LI, Yu LIU, Xuji JIA, Lin LIN
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (4): 564-572.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.04.018
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    Suicide is one of the major causes of death for college students. Based on an individual-centered perspective, this study explored the relationship between the potential categories of impulsivity traits and suicidal ideation and suicide risk. The Chinese Version of Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI-CV) and the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale were used to conduct a questionnaire survey of 857 college students. The results found that there were four potential categories of impulsivity traits: lack of perseverance - premeditation, balanced, low urgency - lack of perseverance, and high urgency - sensation seeking. The four categories differed in their performance in suicidal ideation and suicide risk. The results suggest that the two subcategories of impulsive personality traits (lack of perseverance - premeditation and high urgency - sensation seeking) are high-risk areas for suicide.

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    The Dynamic Effects of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting: Combined Influence of Retrieval and Restudy Cross-Mixing Practices
    Zhuo WANG, Xu LIU, Jia CAI, Zhirou CHEN
    Studies of Psychology and Behavior    2023, 21 (5): 585-591.   DOI: 10.12139/j.1672-0628.2023.05.002
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    Retrieval specificity studies of retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) have largely been limited to pure conditions, neglecting the effects of mixed practice of retrieval and restudy crossover on RIF. In this study, the adapted retrieval practice paradigm was used. Experiment 1 was designed to verify the dynamic effects of RIF by manipulating the practice condition in both pure and mixed ways. Experiment 2 was designed to explore the mechanism of RIF in mixed practice condition by means of the phenomenon of accelerated relearning after RIF through the operation of the combined mixed practice and relearning two manipulations. The results showed that: 1) only retrieval practice exhibited RIF in pure condition, and there was retrieval specificity in RIF; 2) restudy practice could exhibit RIF in mixed condition, and restudy practice showed RIF dynamic effects; 3) relearning could eliminate RIF, and the phenomenon of accelerated relearning after RIF was exhibited in mixed condition. The results indicate that restudy practice exhibits stable dynamic effects of RIF when switching from the pure condition to mixed condition, and that RIF is caused by inhibitory mechanism.

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