Considering the new social emotion characteristics in the latest situation, we constructed the theoretical structure of social emotion based on the positive-negative emotion model, and developed the Social Emotion Scale. A total of 1464 people were tested to verify the scale’s structure and its reliability and validity. The results showed that Social Emotion Scale consisted of two subscales. Positive Social Emotion Scale had three dimensions including social pride, social compassion and social gratitude. Negative Social Emotion Scale had four dimensions including social apathy, social complaint, social anxiety and social impetuosity. The Social Emotion Scale and its subscales have good reliability and validity and can be used as an effective tool to measure the social emotion of the public.
This study aimed to explore the relationship between family closeness and depression, and to examine the mediating effect of social anxiety and the moderating effect of gratitude. A total of 1027 university students participated in the questionnaire survey. The results showed that: 1) social anxiety partially mediated the association between family cohesion and depression among college students; 2) the direct effect of family cohesion on depression and the path from family cohesion to social anxiety, and the path from social anxiety to depression were all moderated by gratitude. Specifically, the effect of family cohesion on social anxiety and depression was enhanced with the increase of gratitude. The association between social anxiety and depression was weaker for university students with higher gratitude. This study reveals the effect of family closeness on college students’ depression, which has implications for the prevention of college students’ depression.
Repeating words can facilitate word processing at the early stage during sentence reading. The current study aimed to investigate whether readers can extract word class information from parafoveal words using repeating words that appeared in the same sentences prior to the target words as preview words. The results showed that: 1) fixation durations of the target word were shorter and the fixation probabilities were lower in repeated preview than in non-repeated preview; 2) the main effect of word class was not reliable; 3) there was no significant difference in the consistency of word classes between repeated and non-repeated previews. The findings suggest that readers do not obtain word class information of parafoveal words when repeating words are used as previews. The results support the E-Z reader model.
Social adaptation is an important indicator of social mind. Due to the lack of appropriate tools for social adjustment, this study developed a scale of social adaptation of the population based on the theory of harmony and balance between human and society, of which the reliability was tested. The study sampled 965 people from various industries and positions across the country, formed a formal scale through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and conducted confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests on the data. The scale had 4 dimensions, including interpersonal adaptation, cultural adaptation, life adaptation and self-adaptation, with a total of 23 items. The internal consistency coefficient of the total scale was 0.95, the internal consistency coefficients of the dimensions ranged from 0.82 to 0.93, and the test-retest reliability was 0.83. In conclusion, the reliability and validity of the People’s Social Adaptation Scale meets psychometric standards and provides an effective tool for measuring people’s social adaptation.
Based on the family systems theory and the parent-child relationship model of parenting stress, a total of 5362 parents of primary school students were investigated by using questionnaires. From the perspective of relationships in the family system, the present study explored the relationship between co-parenting and parenting stress, as well as the mediating role of parental perception of parent-child relationship between the two. The results showed that: 1) Integrity, conflict, and disparagement in co-parenting could significantly predict parenting stress, while integrity had no significant predictive effect on parenting stress. 2) Parent-child intimacy played a partial mediating role between integrity/conflict in co-parenting and parenting stress, while it played a fully mediating role between consistent co-parenting and parenting stress; parent-child conflict partially mediated the relationship between integrity/conflict/disparagement in co-parenting and parenting stress. This study explored the impact mechanism of parenting stress from the perspective of family relationships, which provides a basis for intervention measures such as family therapy. The results emphasize the construction of positive relationships among family members, which aim to provide support for parents by creating a positive family relationship atmosphere and good interaction modes, that can alleviate parenting stress.
The current research developed a scale of people’s perception of social risk as the existing measurement tools can only partially reflect the potential risk of society and lacking the overall reflection at the level of the whole society. The initial scale was formed and the structure of people’s social risk perceptions was determined through literature review, expert assessments, and surveys. The formal scale of people’s social risk perceptions was formed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The final scale had 30 items and 10 dimensions which included network security, housing stress, pension, open government, regional disparity, health, education, social interaction, ecological environment and job security. The internal consistency reliability, content validity, construct validity and criterion related validity of the scale meet the criteria of psychometrics standards, and the People’s Social Risk Perception Scale is suitable for the measurement of people’s social risk perception in China which provides a scientific basis for social risk assessment, early warning and intervention.
To explore the relationship between positive empathy and prosocial behavior in high school students and its specific mechanisms, we used the questionnaire method to investigate 775 high school students, in which the mediating role of self-construal and the moderating role of social comparison were focused. The results showed that: 1) Positive empathy had a significant positive predictive effect on prosocial behavior. 2) Independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal played a partial mediating role in the relationship between positive empathy and prosocial behavior. 3) Downward social comparison moderated the effect of positive empathy on independent self-construal. The findings provide evidence to support the dynamic relationship between positive empathy, self-construal, social comparison and prosocial behavior in high school students, and provide new ideas and methods to promote prosocial behavior in high school students.
Suicide is one of the major causes of death for college students. Based on an individual-centered perspective, this study explored the relationship between the potential categories of impulsivity traits and suicidal ideation and suicide risk. The Chinese Version of Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI-CV) and the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale were used to conduct a questionnaire survey of 857 college students. The results found that there were four potential categories of impulsivity traits: lack of perseverance - premeditation, balanced, low urgency - lack of perseverance, and high urgency - sensation seeking. The four categories differed in their performance in suicidal ideation and suicide risk. The results suggest that the two subcategories of impulsive personality traits (lack of perseverance - premeditation and high urgency - sensation seeking) are high-risk areas for suicide.
With a sample of 888 middle school students and their parents from two public middle schools in Chongqing, the current study examined the impact of different types of parent-child discrepancies in educational expectations on students’ academic achievement, as well as the mediating roles of parental involvement and academic self-concept. Results indicated that: 1) Achievement of adolescents was higher when their parents held higher expectations than adolescents held or when adolescents perceived that their parents’ expectations were lower than their own. 2) Parental involvement mediated the link between “actual parents’ educational expectations higher than self-educational expectations” and academic achievement. 3) Academic self-concept mediated the link between “perceived parents’ educational expectations higher than self-educational expectations” and academic achievement, as well as the link between “perceived parents’ educational expectations lower than self-educational expectations” and achievement.
Based on the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use, this study aimed to examine the association between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students, and further explore the mediating effect of hope and intentional self-regulation between positive peer pressure and middle school students’ pathological internet use. A total of 739 middle school students were recruited to complete Peer Pressure Scale, Children’s Hope Scale, Intentional Self-Regulation Questionnaire, and the Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale. The results showed that: 1) there was a significant negative correlation between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students; 2) hope played a mediating role between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students; 3) positive peer pressure could predict middle school students’ pathological internet use through the chain mediating effect of hope and intentional self-regulation. These findings indicate the internal mechanism between positive peer pressure and pathological internet use among middle school students, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of pathological internet use among adolescents.
To investigate the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits, 529 adolescents were investigated using the Parental Phubbing Scale, the Callous-Unemotional Traits Scale, the Perceived Parental Rejection Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results showed that: 1) Fathers significantly displayed more phubbing than mothers, while perceived mothers’ rejection was significantly higher than perceived fathers’ rejection. 2) Parental phubbing was positively associated with adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits. 3) Adolescents’ self-esteem mediated the relationship between parental phubbing and adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits. 4) Parental phubbing affected the callous-unemotional traits of adolescents through the chain mediation of perceived fathers’ (mothers’) rejection and self-esteem. 5) There were parental differences in the chained mediation model. Fathers’ phubbing mainly predicted adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits indirectly through adolescents’ self-esteem, while mothers’ phubbing directly predicted adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits. It is of great enlightening significance to focus on the intervention of adolescents’ callous-unemotional traits.
Retrieval specificity studies of retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) have largely been limited to pure conditions, neglecting the effects of mixed practice of retrieval and restudy crossover on RIF. In this study, the adapted retrieval practice paradigm was used. Experiment 1 was designed to verify the dynamic effects of RIF by manipulating the practice condition in both pure and mixed ways. Experiment 2 was designed to explore the mechanism of RIF in mixed practice condition by means of the phenomenon of accelerated relearning after RIF through the operation of the combined mixed practice and relearning two manipulations. The results showed that: 1) only retrieval practice exhibited RIF in pure condition, and there was retrieval specificity in RIF; 2) restudy practice could exhibit RIF in mixed condition, and restudy practice showed RIF dynamic effects; 3) relearning could eliminate RIF, and the phenomenon of accelerated relearning after RIF was exhibited in mixed condition. The results indicate that restudy practice exhibits stable dynamic effects of RIF when switching from the pure condition to mixed condition, and that RIF is caused by inhibitory mechanism.
To investigate the developmental characteristics of primary school children’s promise cognition and its attribution orientation, a total of 271 children aged 7, 9, and 11 years were recruited and their promise cognition was measured by self-designed scenario stories. The results were as follows: 1) The promise cognition of primary school children showed an “inverted U-shaped” developmental trend with 9 years old serving as the turning point. 2) Seven-year-olds had more negative cognition with regard to violating authority promises, whereas 9- and 11-year-olds had more negative cognition to violating peer promises. 3) Primary school children had the most negative cognition toward intentionally violating promises, and the most positive cognition toward unintentionally violating promises. 4) Primary school children tended to attribute towards the promise orientation when facing the violation of authority promise, while they tended to attribute towards the outcome orientation when facing the violation of peer promise. The research indicates that the development of promise cognition in primary school children aged 7, 9, and 11 years is influenced by the recipients of the promise and the intentions of violation.
Group bragging discourse in the online context often triggers dissatisfaction and even attacks from observers. However, the specific psychological mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we manipulated explicit/implicit expressions of group bragging in a virtual network interaction scenario to assess the provocation and cyberbullying behavior of observers after observing different modes of group bragging. The results revealed that: 1) compared to implicit bragging, explicit group bragging elicited a sense of provocation in observers, which in turn led to cyberbullying against the braggers; 2) observers’ group identification moderated the provocation caused by explicit group bragging, individuals with high group identification exhibited stronger feelings of provocation and engaged in more cyberbullying behavior in response to explicit group bragging, compared to those with low group identification. This research clarifies that observers perceive explicit group bragging as a threat to their own group identity, thereby expanding and deepening the hubris hypothesis theory.
The criteria for identifying internet gaming disorder have been widely acknowledged and discussed. The Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) is frequently utilized in many countries, underscoring its high cross-cultural applicability. However, the Chinese version of IGDT-10 has lacked usage in China, sparking arguments about its applicability. In the current study, the reliability, validity, and diagnostic efficiency were assessed for the simplified Chinese IGDT-10. The cut-off point and diagnostic efficiency were determined through latent class analysis and receiver operating characteristic. The results demonstrated that the simplified Chinese IGDT-10 exhibited strong reliability, validity, and diagnostic efficiency, aligning with the DSM-5 recommendation of recognizing five or more criteria for internet gaming disorder. Moreover, this study revealed a 13.4% prevalence rate of internet gaming disorder in the samples, with a gender difference (higher prevalence among males than females) but no significant age difference. The results suggest that the simplified Chinese IGDT-10 is an effective tool for assessing internet gaming disorder.
Based on the ecological systems theory, this study examined the relationship between neighborhood greening and subjective well-being among 310 community residents aged 60 and over. The study also investigated the underlying psychosocial mechanisms that contribute to this relationship. The results showed that, after controlling for sociodemographic factors, neighborhood greening had a positive association with subjective well-being. Specifically, neighborhood attachment fully mediated the relationship between neighborhood greening and subjective well-being. Additionally, family cohesion moderated the mediating effect of neighborhood attachment between neighborhood greening and subjective well-being. These findings suggest that improving community greening conditions and creating a suitable environment for aging in place can significantly improve the overall quality of life for older adults at the individual, family, and community levels.
The goal of the present study was to investigate the mediation effect of self-concealment on the relationship between reinforcement sensitivity of personality and loneliness in the presence or absence of bullying victimization. A total of 1679 college students participated in this study. The results showed that: 1) Regardless of bullying victimization experience, reward sensitivity negatively influenced loneliness and punishment sensitivity positively influenced loneliness. 2) Regardless of bullying victimization experience, self-concealment had a mediating effect between punishment sensitivity and loneliness, and a masking effect between reward sensitivity and loneliness. 3) Both reward and punishment sensitivity were significantly more predictive of loneliness in participants who had been subjected to bullying compared to those who had not.
