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20 July 2019, Volume 17 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Effect of Encoding-retrieval Match and Cue Overload on Part-list Cuing Effect LIU Tuanli, ZHAO Yufei, XING Min, BAI Xuejun 2019, 17(4):  433-441.  Abstract ( )   PDF (618KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The encoding-retrieval match has been established as a means to improve memory performance. It has recently been proposed that memory performance is determined by the encoding-retrieval match and that the cue overload effect needs to be taken into account when predicting memory performance. Two experiments were conducted to explore the effect of encoding-retrieval match and cue-overload on part-list cuing effect. By adopting semantic match task, Experiment 1 examined the effect of encoding-retrieval match on part-list cuing effect. On the basis of Experiment 1, Experiment 2 Examined the combined effect of encoding-retrieval match and cue-overload on part-list cuing effect. The findings show that increasing the overall encoding-retrieval match reduces the negative influence of part-list cues, which is sensitive to cue-overload; only when the part-list cues provide the diagnostic information of target items, can the memory performance be improved. The results indicates that the combined action of encoding-retrieval match and cue-overload is a better predictor of memory performance when providing part-list cues.

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Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Systems of Theory of Mind: Evidence from Mandarin-English Bilinguals and Cantonese-Mandarin Diglossias WANG Ting, WANG Dan, ZHANG Jijia 2019, 17(4):  442-451.  Abstract ( )   PDF (934KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand other people's beliefs, intentions and emotions. Apperly proposed the dual-system theory that theory of mind includes two systems, the implicit and the explicit systems. The present research aimed to provide evidence for the two systems of theory of mind among subjects with different language abilities. Twenty-four mandarin monolinguals, twenty Mandarin-English bilinguals and twenty-two Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals participated the present experiments. Combining behavioral and eye movement measures, the identity test and location test were conducted to examine the theory of mind among subjects. Results showed that Mandarin-English bilinguals and Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals had more accurate first fixations and longer fixation times at the correct position. Participants showed significant dissociation between their implicit and explicit behaviors in the theory of mind tasks, which furtherly supports the dual-system view upon theory of mind, and helps us have a better understanding about the underlying mechanism of theory of mind.

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The Influence of Bilingual Experience on Executive Function LIU Yan, ZHU Zhi, MA Xie 2019, 17(4):  452-460.  Abstract ( )   PDF (572KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The execution function is an indispensable cognitive function in goal-oriented behavior control and self-control. The execution function can be divided into "cold" execution function and "hot" execution function. Previous studies have found that bilingual experience has a certain impact on the "cold" execution function, but its scope of influence and applicable areas are still controversial. The present study attempts to comprehensively discuss the overall impact of bilingual experience on executive function and explore the mechanisms behind it. Future research is expected to explore more about the impact of bilingual experience on the "hot" executive function, such as the work memory refresh function in the emotional context, and to examine the beneficial effects of bilingual education on the cognitive development of different groups of people and even special populations.

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Association Between Working Memory Capacity and Mind Wandering Frequency: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis WU Guolai, ZHANG Jingjing, REN Fangyuan, YANG Jingjing, JIU Yanhong 2019, 17(4):  461-471.  Abstract ( )   PDF (657KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between working memory capacity and mind wandering frequency and the factors affecting this relationship. Through literature retrieval, 17 cases and 73 independent effect sizes together with 10834 participants which met the inclusion criteria of meta-analysis were selected. Heterogeneity test indicated that random effects model was appropriate for the meta-analysis. The result of funnel plot and Egger's intercept illustrated that there was no publication bias. The main-effect test findings demonstrated that working memory capacity was significantly associated with mind wandering frequency. The moderator analysis revealed that the measurement tools of working memory capacity and mind wandering frequency moderated the relationship between working memory capacity and mind wandering frequency but the task difficulty did not.

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An Event-Related-Potential (ERP) Study of Global and Local Thinking Styles WANG Meng, FAN Weiqiao, SHEN Ying 2019, 17(4):  472-479.  Abstract ( )   PDF (836KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study examined the relationships between the global/local thinking styles and ERPs by using the compound letter tasks (Large letters were constructed from smaller letters; e.g., a large H made up of small Ss) recognition. The participants with typical global style showed significantly higher accuracy in the large letter identification task, whereas the participants with typical local style showed higher accuracy in the small letter identification task. The global style group had significantly shorter react time in the large letter identification task than in the small letter task, whereas the local group had significantly shorter react time in the small letter identification task than in the large letter task. Furthermore, the global style group had significantly larger amplitude and longer latency of N270 in F3, Fz, F4, FC3, FCz, and FC4 than did the local style group. The results indicate that individuals with typical global style do better in processing the global tasks, whereas individuals with typical local style do better in processing the concrete details. Global individuals with a higher level of cognitive complexity may occupy less neural resources and have deeper information processing levels than the local individuals do in the coding and storage of working memory. The present study provides neurophysiological evidence for further understanding the internal processing mechanism of thinking style.

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Metacognitive Domain-specificity: Evidence from Perceptual and Higher-order Metacognition DENG Chunting, LIU Yan 2019, 17(4):  480-487.  Abstract ( )   PDF (698KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study explored whether the perceptual metacognition and higher-order metacognition are domain-specific by three experiments. In Experiment 1, we selected 26 college students as participants to explore the relationship of metacognitive abilities between two visual perception tasks. In Experiment 2, 30 college students were selected to explore the relationship of metacognitive abilities between two memory monitoring tasks. In Experiment 3, 30 college students were selected to explore the relationship of metacognitive abilities between memory monitoring tasks with high similarity. The results showed that metacognitive abilities on different tasks were not relevant in all three experiments, indicating that perceptual metacognitive ability and higher-order metacognitive ability are domain-specific.

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The Compatibility Effect of Approaching the Positive and Avoiding the Negative at the Conceptual Level of Psychological Distance WU Sanmei, WANG Jingxin, HE Xianyou, TIAN Liangsu, ZHAO Xueru, CHEN Guangyao 2019, 17(4):  488-495.  Abstract ( )   PDF (614KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Three experiments were conducted to explore the compatibility effect of approaching the positive and avoiding the negative at the conceptual level of psychological distance by using the Implicit Association Test. In Experiment 1, the results showed that the reaction times were shorter in the congruent condition (pairings of positive words with "spatial proximity" words and negative words with "spatial distance" words) than in the incongruent conditions. It suggests that the participants tend to associate positive concept with proximal concepts and negative concept with distant concepts; and the compatibility effect of approaching the positive and avoiding the negative exists at the conceptual level of spatial distance. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, we explored the compatibility effect at the conceptual level of temporal distance and social distance. The results were consistent with Experiment 1. Based on these findings, we argue that the compatibility effect exists at the conceptual level of psychological distance. And it is sugessted that "psychological distance" change could be used as a criterion to define approach-avoidance behaviors.

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The Decision of Saccadic Target Selection in Chinese Reading: The Interactive Way of Visual and Lexical Information LI Xin, LIU Jingyao, YU Huijing, JIANG Xinhe, LIANG Feifei, WANG Yongsheng, BAI Xuejun 2019, 17(4):  496-503.  Abstract ( )   PDF (800KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study was aimed at investigating the role of visual complexity of characters on saccadic targeting while the influence of lexical properties was well controlled. The Landolt paradigm was used while participants were instructed to read sentences that were consisted of normal Chinese characters, or were consisted of the artificial characters that were constructed based on the Korean characters. The visual complexity of each character in two types of sentences were strictly matched. The results showed that participants exhibited longer forward saccade lengths, and more refixations on words when reading normal sentences with both lexical and visual information compared to that only with visual information, suggesting that both visual and lexical information influence the decision of where to move the eyes. The present study provide evidence for the "strategy-tactics" theory.

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The Development of the Rural Children's Social Adaptation Scale DAI Binrong 2019, 17(4):  504-511.  Abstract ( )   PDF (600KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of the present study was to develop a rural children's Social Adaptation Scale. Based on social adaptation theory, we worked out 31 survey items. A total of 963 valid questionnaires were collected from 1000 rural children in grades 4-8. Through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, we got 26 items for the rural children's social adaptation scale with four dimensions. The scale had a high reliability and validity. The α reliability of the scale was 0.919, and the correlation coefficient between the scale and each dimension was between 0.337 and 0.925. The questionnaire was then used to re-measure the social adaption of 187 children, showing that the α reliability was 0.909, the retest reliability was between 0.334 and 0.446. This suggests that the questionnaire has good statistical structural validity and compatibility validity. Finally, the norm of rural children's social adaptation were formed. In conclusion, the rural children's social adaptation questionnaire has a good index in psychometrics. It can be used to survery the social adaptation of rural children.

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The Number Sense Deficit of Children With Developmental Dyscalculia ZHANG Libin, ZHANG Li, FENG Tingyong 2019, 17(4):  512-519.  Abstract ( )   PDF (622KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a specific learning disorder that is characterized by a persistent impairment in processing numerical information and learning arithmetic facts. In the current study, an experiment was designed to verify whether or not the number sense of DD is impaired and the deficits number sense is specific to DD children. Seventy-two DD children, 86 dyslexia children, 69 dyslexia dyscalculia double-deficit children and 86 typical developmental children were asked to complete the non-symbolic magnitude comparison task which was usually used to measure number sense ability. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the number sense between DD children and typical development children which were with lower acuity. In addition, there was a significant difference in the number sense among dyslexia children, double-deficit children and typical development children. The acuity of typical development children was significantly higher than developmental dyslexia children and double-deficit children. Therefore, it is concluded that the number sense deficit of children may be one cause of DD, but it is not specific to DD.

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The Relationship between Family Economical Capital and Reading Interest of Primary and Secondary School Students: The Mediating Role of Family Cultural Capital LI Yi, TAN Ting 2019, 17(4):  520-528,576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1127KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The current study collected data of 1954 students and their parents in primary and secondary schools from 8 provinces, including western, central, and eastern areas in China. Based on the family capital theory and reading interest model, a structural equation model was used to analyze the effects of family economic capital and family cultural capital on reading interest. The results showed that:1) The reading interest of primary and secondary school students were significant different in terms of gender, grade levels, regions and locations. 2) There were significant positive correlations between family economic capital, cultural capital, and students' reading interest. 3) Family cultural capital played a mediating role between family economic capital and students' reading interest.

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The Efferct of Attribution Training to Students with Learning Disability in Junior Middle School HAN Han, LI Jipeng, LIU Yulin, SONG Wencui 2019, 17(4):  529-535.  Abstract ( )   PDF (560KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In the present study, we explored whether attribution training effectively can change the irrational attributional styles of students with learning disability. Sixty students with learning disability were selected from second grade of junior middle school, and were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. Students in experimental group accepted 10 weeks attributional training while the students in control group were asked to reviewed the knowledge they had learned in this period. The results indicate that attributional training leads to positive transformation in academic attribution of students with learning disability in junior middle school, and positively improve their future successful expection and positive changes for emotional reaction.

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Self-control Mediates the Relationship Between the Meaning in Life and the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency of Chinese College Students ZHANG Xiuge, QIN Jie, HUANG Wenyu 2019, 17(4):  536-545.  Abstract ( )   PDF (733KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To investigate the relationship between college students' meaning in life and mobile phone addiction tendency, as well as the mediating effect of self-control on the relationship between them, the present study used the meaning in life questionnaire, the college student self-control scale and the college students' mobile phone addiction tendency scale. The results show that the higher level of existence of meaning, the lower level of mobile phone addiction tendency; the higher level of searching for meaning, the more serious mobile phone addiction tendency; the higher level of self-control, the lower level of mobile phone addiction tendency. Self control had a complete mediating effect on the relationship between presence of meaning and mobile phone addiction tendency. Self control also had a partial mediating effect between searching for meaning and mobile phone addiction tendency. The finding reveals that mobile phone addiction could be corrected by adjusting college students' level of meaning in life and level of self-control.

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The Relationship Between College Students' Ego-centrism and Subjective Well-being: The Mediating Effect of Self-esteem GUO Chunhan 2019, 17(4):  546-552.  Abstract ( )   PDF (652KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study investigated the relationship between ego-centrism and subjective well-being, and the mediating role of self-esteem among college students. Ego-centrism Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem, and Subjective well-being Scale were used to assess the value of ego-centrism, self-esteem, and subjective well-being, respectively. A total of 1020 college students from six universities were tested. The results showed:1) ego-centrism was positively related to self-esteem and subjective well-being significantly; 2) the ego-centrism could apparently predict subjective well-being, in which, omnipotence and invulnerability were positively associated with subjective well-being, while uniqueness and imaginary audience were negatively associated with subjective well-being; 3) self-esteem could positively predict life satisfaction and positive affects, but negatively predicted negative affects; 4) self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between ego-centrism and subjective well-being.

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Zhongyong Thinking Style and Internet Addiction of College Students: Serial Mediating Effect of Social Support and Loneliness DING Qian, ZHANG Yongxin, WEI Hua, HU Wei 2019, 17(4):  553-560.  Abstract ( )   PDF (707KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to investigate the impact of Zhongyong thinking style on Internet addiction as well as the serial mediating effect of social support and loneliness, 490 college students were recruited to complete Zhongyong Thinking Style Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Internet Addiction Scale. The results showed that:1) Zhongyong thinking style was positively correlated with social support, and negatively correlated with loneliness and Internet addiction; social support was negatively correlated with loneliness and Internet addiction; and loneliness was positively correlated with Internet addiction. 2) Zhongyong thinking style affected Internet addiction not only directly, but also indirectly through three paths, that is, the mediator of social support, the mediator of loveliness, and the serial mediating role of both social support and loneliness. These findings suggest that Zhongyong thinking style has a certain inhibitory effect on Internet addiction, which is formed through the combined action of interpersonal factor (e.g. social support) and emotional factor (e.g. loneliness).

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The Effect of Mindful Parenting from Parents on Adolescent Depression and its Mechanism WU Lei, ZHAO Boyao, ZHAN Zhao, FAN Bijuan, ZHAO Yaping 2019, 17(4):  561-568.  Abstract ( )   PDF (743KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on a new view of "mindful parenting", the present study investigated the effect of mindful parenting on depression of junior high school students and the machanism of the effect. Six hundred and 54 junior high school students and their parenting were recruited. Chinese Version of Mindful Parenting Scale, Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to explore the relationships between mindful parenting along with its two dimensions and adolescent depression, separately. Also, we explored the possible mediating effect of self-esteem in the three correlativity. The results showed that mindful parenting, attention to the present, and mindful discipline were all significantly negative predictors of adolescent depression. Self-esteem was a complete mediator in the prediction of mindful discipline for adolescent depresison. Also, self-esteem partially mediated the prediction of mindful parenting and attention to the present for adolescent depression, separately. Mindful discipline from parents impacted on adolescent depression completely by first effecting adolescent self-esteem. However, both mindful parenting and attention to the present impacted on adolescent depression partly by first effecting adolescent self-esteem.

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The Impact of Negative Life Events in College Students' Suicidal Ideation: Mediating Role of Rumination and Moderating Role of Dispositional Optimism LIN Lin, LIU Junqi, YANG Yang, LIU Yu, WANG Chenxu, LIU Tuo, YU Xin, JIA Xuji 2019, 17(4):  569-576.  Abstract ( )   PDF (707KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics From the perspective of positive psychology, the present study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether or not rumination mediates the relationship between negative life events and college students' suicidal ideation, and whether or not this mediating process is moderated by dispositional optimism. For this purpose, 1191 college students were recruited to participate in this study with Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List, Rumination Response Scale-Chinese Version and the Life Orientation Test-revised. The results were as followings:1) Negative life events significantly contributed to rumination and suicidal ideation; 2) Rumination played a mediating role in the relationship between negative life events and suicidal ideation; 3) Dispositional optimism moderated the mediated path through rumination, such that this mediating effect was only significant for one with dispositional optimism at a low level.