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20 March 2019, Volume 17 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Obstacle Affecting Individual Motion in Continuous Reach Motion BAI Xuejun, ZHANG Qihan, ZHAO Guang, SUN Hongjin, CHEN Yixin, SUN Shinan, ZHANG Peng, SONG Lu, YANG Yu, YUAN Sheng 2019, 17(2):  145-152.  Abstract ( )   PDF (762KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To study the influence of obstacles on individual movement track in continuous reach motion, in this study, we collected and analyzed the movement track and cerebral cortex activity data of 20 undergraduate who completed the continuous reach motion in the presence or absence of obstacles, with motion capture system and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The results show that when there are obstacles in the process of continuous motion, the average motion height of the individual in the peripheral motion interval is higher, compared to the absence of obstacles; specifically the effect of obstacles on the height of motion in the back interval is significantly higher than that in the preceding interval. Additionally, the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal and bilateral pars opercularis of Broca's area show significant decrease in activation in the presence of obstacles, compared to the absence of obstacles, and there is a significant negative correlation between the effect of obstacle on the average motor height and the activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal and right pars opercularis of Broca's area. These findings imply that the obstacle affects the individual's motion track in the forward and back movement interval, and the brain regions including dorsolateral prefrontal and pars opercularis of Broca's area are involved in this process. These findings support the view that Object Affordance and Reuse of Previous Movement Plans.

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The Effect of Word Exposure Frequency and Proficiency on Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition in High Constraint Sentence Context CHEN Baoguo, ZHANG Yuanyue, MA Tengfei 2019, 17(2):  153-159.  Abstract ( )   PDF (505KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Two experiments aimed to explore the effect of word exposure frequency and second language (L2) proficiency on L2 incidental vocabulary acquisition in high constraint sentence context. The novel words (pseudowords) were put in the end of the sentences for learning, and the number of sentences (1-4) were manipulated to explore the L2 word learning through sentence reading. Semantic relatedness judgment task was adopted in Experiment 1 and word production task was adopted in Experiment 2 for measuring the effect of vocabulary acquisition. The results suggest the effects of word exposure frequency are limited when L2 incidental vocabulary acquisition happened under the high constraint context. In the high constraint sentence context, L2 learners could rapidly establish the form-meaning mapping of new word in the first and second exposure. Besides, the L2 proficiency have a positive impact on these fast mapping process.

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Impact of Calligraphy Style and Color on Comprehension of Importance in Chinese Idiom SUN Erhong, ZHANG Qirui, ZHANG Jijia 2019, 17(2):  160-169.  Abstract ( )   PDF (630KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Weight is a metaphor for importance in language. In daily life, People can weigh the object by body, but also can feel the mental weight through vision. In Chinese expressions, calligraphy style and color are important part of visual features for characters. As for the style of calligraphy in Chinese character, the stroke of Northern Wei style is considerable thick, oppositely the stroke of slim style from Zhaoji is extremely thin. Thus, different feelings of weight in mental performance from two calligraphy styles may influence comprehending the abstract concept of importance. As for color in Chinese character, both red and yellow are two of most important color in Chinese culture. These two colors are always linked to significant occasions. Therefore, these two colors causing people to feel the importance of objects or situations may also influence comprehending the concept of importance. This study used empirical researches to explore the effect of Chinese calligraphy style and color on judging the importance of Chinese idioms. The results showed that both calligraphy style and color of character can influence understanding the important meaning of Chinese idioms by making people feel the weight mentally. Furthermore, the empirical data indicated that the source of abstract concept of importance is not only a physical feeling of weight, but also a metal feeling of weight from visual information.

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Is Effectiveness of Working Memory Training the Result of Placebo Effect? ZHANG Xin, SONG Jintao, YING Ronghua, ZHOU Renlai 2019, 17(2):  170-177.  Abstract ( )   PDF (640KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Working memory training can improve intelligence, which has been supported by several research results. But at the same time, some researchers have suggested that the positive correlation of some studies between fluid intelligence and working memory training may result from the placebo effect. This study aimed to examine whether the effectiveness of working memory training is the result of placebo effect by conducting two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were divided into two groups based on whether they had been informed the expectation of experiment. 50 college students were selected as samples to carry out working memory updating task. They were asked to complete the training task only once. The design of Experiment 2 was basically based on the foundation of experiment 1 but extended the period of training. Fluid intelligence tests were used to verify the relationship between the two groups' performance and the training dose. The results of Experiment 1 showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the fluid intelligence test before and after. Nevertheless, the results of experiment 2 presented that the dose of training had significant effect on the participants' performance in the fluid intelligence test, while the recruitment methods did not. To sum up, this study concludes that informing subjects the expectation of experiment does not result in placebo effect.

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The Effect of Response Mode on the Space-Time Congruency Effect HAO Haiping, FAN Ning 2019, 17(2):  178-184.  Abstract ( )   PDF (520KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, we examined whether response mode could affect the space-time congruency effect by three behavioral experiments. The results showed that in the front-back and up-down directions, the response mode affected the direction of the space-time congruency effect. The button reaction activated the past/backward/down and future/forward/up congruency effects, and the verbal reaction activated the past/forward/up and future/backward/down congruency effects. However, in the left-right direction, the response mode did not affect the direction of the space-time congruency effect, and both the past/left and future/right congruency effects were activated. Analysis of the effect size in three directions revealed that the effect size in the left-right direction was the largest, and the effect size in the up-down direction was the smallest. The relationship between time and space would be influenced by the response mode, language habits and directions, supporting the theory of metaphorical structuring view. Chinese subjects' representation of the concept of time combined propositional symbols and perceptual symbols.

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Effect of Circadian Rhythm on Individual Performance: Evidence from Southern China MAI Zifeng, SUN Rui, ZHANG Qun, LIANG Hua, MA Ning 2019, 17(2):  185-192.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1296KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Effect of circadian rhythms has been found in both subjective assessments and other cognitive processes, such as attention, working memory, and executive function. But it still remains unclear about effect of circadian rhythms on Chinese population. Additionally, the sensitivity of different behavioral performance to diurnal rhythm may be diverse. The present study measured the changes of self-rating fatigue, vigilant attention, and inhibition control performance every two hours during a day under laboratory control. In general, our results partially supported the dual-process model of sleep-wake regulation. But different from previous results, Chinese participants perform better at 9:00 in the morning and perform worse at 19:00 during early-evening, compared to western population. Moreover, compared with subjective assessments and inhibition control performance, vigilant attention was more sensitive to the circadian effect in the present studies.

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The Effects of Emotionality and Background Presentation on Item-background Associative Memory ZHAO Haoyuan, AN Shu, REN Xiaoyun, MAO Weibin 2019, 17(2):  193-201.  Abstract ( )   PDF (784KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using composite pictures combined the item images with background scenes as experimental materials, we explored how emotionality and presentation style of the backgrounds would affect the item-background associative memory in 2 experiments by manipulating the emotionality of the items and the backgrounds as well as the presentation style of the backgrounds. The results showed that: 1) item memory could be enhanced by emotionality of items, while could be inhibited by emotionality of the backgrounds; 2) emotionality of items could impair the item-background associative memory, though emotionality of backgrounds existed; 3) repeated presentation and preexposure of the backgrounds could enhance the item-background associative memory, but still could not eliminate the effect of emotion on associative memory.

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Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies on Memory of Junior High School Students' Educational Materials Induced by Different Emotions QI Bing, YANG Lizhu, YAO Yibei 2019, 17(2):  202-208.  Abstract ( )   PDF (647KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To improve junior school students' academic records, we studyed the effect of different emotion regulation strategies on neutral materials. Methods: A mixed－design experiment experiment, 2(Emotional types: positive & negative)×3(Emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal, expression suppression & no regulation)×2(Material types: verbal&nonverbal memory) was conducted to explore the effect of emotion regulation strategies on 100 junior school students. The results indicated that emotion regulation strategies had a main effect on the test scores under the negative emotional state, and different emotion regulation strategies had significant differences on the total scores, verbal and nonverbal memorial scores. Under the positive emotion induction state, Participants with different emotion regulation strategies performed no difference. Participants with cognitive reappraisal got higher scores when they performed in the verbal memory material than they were doing other materials. But on the scores of verbal memory, the memory score in cognitive reappraisal group was higher than that in expression suppression group. Conclusion: It is better for junior school students to use cognitive reappraisal when remembering neutral materials.

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Effect of Teaching Situation on Teachers’ Automatic Emotion Regulation LIU Shifan, LIAN Rong, LI Juan, LIAN Kunyu 2019, 17(2):  209-215.  Abstract ( )   PDF (619KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the perspective of situated cognition, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of teaching situation on teachers' automatic emotion regulation. Teachers' automatic emotion regulation in teaching situation and in life situation were compared by facial expression identification task and dot-probe task. The results showed as follows. (1) In teaching situation, the accuracy of negative face identification of teachers was significantly better, but the reaction time was significantly longer; (2) In teaching situation, the attention bias of negative information of teachers was no significant; (3) With the effect of automatic emotion regulation, the rate of face identification of teachers was significantly faster. These result suggested that teaching situation, as a kind of situated cue, induces superior automatic emotion regulation, which is bound up with the long-term vocational training. The ability of automatic emotion regulation helps teacher keep steady mood in order to achieve teaching task, such as accurate and prudent feature of face identification, in addition no significant attention bias. To some extent, the conclusion provides a reference for the study of teachers' automatic emotion regulation.

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A Study of Relationship between Family Environment and Aggressiveness for Middle School Students——Mediating Effect of Empathy WANG Lu, SONG Juan, WEI Yanqiu, XIE Hongyu, PENG Yao, ZHANG Jingda 2019, 17(2):  216-222.  Abstract ( )   PDF (702KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, 428 middle school students were randomly selected from three schools in Taiyuan, using the method of random sampling and questionnaires. The relationship among family environment, empathy, and aggression was mainly discussed. The study found that family environment was related with aggression as well as empathy. Empathy has a partial mediating effect between different dimensions of family environment and the aggressiveness of middle school students. These dimensions of family environment can directly influence aggression, and it can also indirectly affect the aggression through empathy.

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Attitudes to Aging Mediates the Relationship between Older Adults’ Family Environment and Quality of Life WU Jianqian, CHAO Qiuling, CHEN Yuan 2019, 17(2):  223-228.  Abstract ( )   PDF (579KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics With ever-increasing aging population in China, it is imperative to build knowledge of the influential factors of life quality among older adults. Based on our literature review, we aimed to explore the relationship between family environment, attitude to aging and quality of life among Chinese aged adults. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 700 randomly selected elderly people using the Family Environment Scale, Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire, and Quality of Life for Older Adults Questionnaire. The results showed that all three attitudes to aging partly mediated the relationship between family environment and quality of life. Attitudes to physical change were the strongest mediator of family environment and quality of life, followed by psychosocial growth and psychosocial loss. In conclusion, family environment may be a modifiable external resource to promote attitudes to aging among older adults, and also enhance quality of life.

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A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Chinese Students' English Phonological Awareness and Reading Achievements PAN Ying, DENG Xiaoping, LIN Zhengjun, LIU Yan 2019, 17(2):  229-239.  Abstract ( )   PDF (851KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between English phonological awareness and English reading achievements in Chinese subjects learning English as a foreign language. This paper including 53 independent samples (n=4576) meet the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The result for the meta-analysis showed that: 1) There is a medium positive correlation between English phonological awareness and English reading achievements, r=0.36, 95% CI [0.33, 0.39]; 2) The grade has a significant regulating effect on the relationship between phonological awareness and reading achievements, coupled with the changes of the grades; 3) Among the components of phonological awareness, the regulating effects of phonemic awareness is significant, the syllable awareness is the least; and 4) The type of reading materials have a significant role in regulating the correlation between phonological awareness and reading achievements. Word reading materials have the greatest effect on the regulation of phonological awareness and reading achievements, while phrase/short reading materials have the least regulating effects.

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Revision and Verification of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Adolescents MA Huixia, LIU Huifang, ZHAI Yongfang, LI Guifang 2019, 17(2):  240-245.  Abstract ( )   PDF (529KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Revise the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Adolescents (TOSCA-A) to develop a useful tool to measure the self-conscious affect of Chinese adolescents, the following methods are applied in this research. Firstly, we collect the self-conscious affect events of Chinese adolescents by questionnaire and use the content analysis method to evaluate, code and quantify the collected events, and to collect response options with the collected events mentioned above. Secondly, 476 students were tested to revise and to adjust the test items, a preliminary revision of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Adolescent was formed, which consists of 24 scenarios, a total of 85 response options, then we test its reliability and validity. After a lapse of a year, another sample was tested again to verify the reliability and validity of the Revision of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Adolescent. Research proved that the Revision of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Adolescentis well constructed, the reliability and validity was satisfactory. This test is an effective tool to measure the self-conscious affect of Chinese adolescents.

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The Development of Nostalgia Sense Scale for Chinese Elderly Wu Jie, Xu Sheng, Ma Weidong, Zhao Jiawei, Xing Tong, Liu Anqi, Wu Mengxuan 2019, 17(2):  246-252.  Abstract ( )   PDF (540KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of nostalgia sense that fitted for the older adults in China. Through theoretical analysis, the study built two dimensions for the nostalgia, that is, “positive nostalgia” and “negative nostalgia”. And it designed the items by means of collecting interview data, referring relevant scales and inviting experts to discuss. Then, it selected respectively 325 and 611 older adults in Tianjin as participants in pretest and formal test. The results showed that the two-dimension structure mentioned above was reasonable and the reliability and validity were conformed to the requirements of psychometrics. Therefore, the scale developed by this study can be used as an instrument to measure the nostalgia of the older adults.

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QualityAnalysis in National Teacher Certification Examination Based on Multivariate Generalizability Theory YANG Hongbo, ZHAO Xuan 2019, 17(2):  253-258.  Abstract ( )   PDF (642KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics National Teacher Certification Examination is one of the reform program identified in The National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan Outline (2010-2020).In this article, we adopted multivariate generalizability theory (MGT) to appraise test reliability, combination of scores, test structure optimization based on data of National Teacher Certification Examination. The result showed that: a) the reliability coefficient of whole test is 0.707, the result is acceptably high; b) the ratio of each subtest's contribution to total variance is inaccordance with test-setters' anticipation, in addition to writing ability, the remaining part of the error is less than 7%; c) to promote test reliability, it is recommended to reduce the number of objective questions and increase the number of subjective question.

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Effect of Parental Behavioral Control On Water High-Risk Practices For Adolescents: Moderated Mediating Effect LUO Shi, SHI Kan, ZHANG Hui, WANG Bin, HU Yue 2019, 17(2):  259-267.  Abstract ( )   PDF (721KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The study explored the mechanism of perceived parental behavioral control in predicting water high-risk practices through a moderated mediation model centering on affiliation with deviant peers. A total of 7485 Adolescents from five provinces completed a questionnaire survey. The results indicated that: 1)Affiliation with deviant peers played partial mediating effect between parental behavioral control and water high-risk practices. Parental behavioral control not only had a direct influence on water high-risk practices，but also promoted water high-risk practices indirectly by increasing affiliation with deviant peers. 2)Sensation seeking moderated this mediation effect. Sensation seeking moderated the second path of the mediation. With sensation seeking increasing，the effect of water high-risk practices increasing.

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The Perception and Learning Speed on Description-experience Conflict under Gain and Loss Situations HOU Yuying, CHEN Shiping, MENG Siqing 2019, 17(2):  268-273.  Abstract ( )   PDF (594KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In order to explore subjects' perception and learning speed on description-experience conflict under gain and loss situations, the experiment adopted Weiss-Cohen's paradigms of description-experience conflict. The results found that: 1) In description-experience conflict condition, subjects tend to choose safe options in gain situations, and risk options in loss situations. 2) In gain situation and description-experience conflict conditions, when D>E, subjects learned faster description-experience conflict than when D

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“I Do Not Like You, So You Probably Do Not Like Me”: The Relationship Between Ambivalent Sexism and Intergroup Anxiety SU Man, JIANG Jingchuan 2019, 17(2):  274-281.  Abstract ( )   PDF (656KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Some recent studies show that prejudice and meta-stereotype can predict intergroup anxiety, while the influence of meta-stereotype is more important than that of prejudice, but one question that remained after these studies was what is the specific mechanisms of prejudice affecting intergroup anxiety. Therefore, according to the model of intergroup anxiety, a moderated mediation model was constructed to examine the relationship among ambivalent sexism, negative meta-stereotype, group identity and intergroup anxiety. The results indicate that: 1) ambivalent sexism positively predicts intergroup anxiety, but there is no significant correlation between benevolent sexism and intergroup anxiety; 2) negative meta-stereotype partially mediated the relationship between ambivalent sexism and intergroup anxiety; 3) the mediating role of negative meta-stereotype is moderated by the group identity.

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The Relationship of General Doctors’ Competency and Subjective Well-being: The Mediating Role of Job Performance SHEN Zhengfu, HAN Buxin, YANG Xiumu, GU Jibao 2019, 17(2):  282-288.  Abstract ( )   PDF (680KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This article used competency questionnaire, work performance scale and subjective well-being scale to survey 1340general practitioner. It aimed to establish an equation including competency，work performance and subjective well-being and to explore the mediating role of work performance betweencompetency andsubjective well-being. The results showed that: 1) The competency, job performance and subjective well-being were positively correlated; 2) The competency and work performance can predict subjective well-being positively; 3) The performance part of the intermediary competency and subjective well-being, the ability to directly predict subjective well-being, but also through work performance indirectly predict subjective well-being.