To test the reliability and validity of the Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) in primary school students, a total of 3084 children from first grade to sixth grade were investigated with the Chinese version of Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS-C). Then, we obtained the formal scale through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The formal scale includes two subscales, that is, math evaluation anxiety and learning math anxiety. The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the AMAS-C reached full measurement invariant across Chinese primary school students’ gender, grade, and region. The finding indicates that the AMAS-C is a good valid and reliable instrument to assess mathematics anxiety of Chinese primary school students.