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20 November 2013, Volume 11 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Relation between Working Memory Span and Iowa Gambling Task Performance Yu Bin, Yue Guoan, Liu Huijun 2013, 11(6):  721-727.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2408KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of the present study is to assess the relation between working memory span and Iowa Gambling Task(IGT) Performance and the impact of planning on this relation. 179 college students were recruited. All the participants’ working memory span(WMS) were accessed, then were assigned to two independent group and complete different IGT: the standard IGT(sIGT) and the modified IGT(mIGT). The modified version of the IGT told the participants how many times they have to choose the cards and indicate the progress of the task in the whole procedure. The results showed that WMS is unrelated with sIGT performance, but significantly related with mIGT performance. These results indicate that the working memory might involve in the decision making process in IGT. And whether the participants know how many times they have to choose the cards is one of the factors that might have impact on the involvement.

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Influence of Different Type of Category Learning in Chinese Diagnostics: A Case Study of Tongue Diagnosis Sun Hongmei , Yin Guoen, Chen Xueying 2013, 11(6):  728-731.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1538KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This paper investigated influence of analytic reasoning and non-analytic reasoning of the category learning in Tongue inspection in traditional Chinese medicine. The paradigms of limited classification learning was used, and subjects consisted of 61 undergraduate students. The results showed that:Percentage Correct Diagnoses of analytic reasoning was significantly higher than non-analytic reasoning in the immediate condition, and the forgetting of analytic reasoning was significantly greater than non-analytic reasoning. Moreover, in confidence evaluation,analytic reasoning was significantly higher than non-analytic reasoning in the immediate condition and 2-week delay condition. The learning effect of the group who applied to analytic reasoning was better than that of the group who were applied non-analytic reasoning, but non-analytic reasoning maintain the knowledge better than analytic reasoning.

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Short-Term Exposure to Violent Media Games Leads to Sensitization to Violence:an ERP Research Zhong Yiping, Zhang Yuchi, Tian Sang, Guo Ke, Li Wenhe, Yan Yuping, Zhou Luping 2013, 11(6):  732-738.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2584KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study explored whether the exposure to violent media increases aggression, though the mechanisms of this effect have remained elusive. Exploring whether the exposure to violent media leads to desensitization or sensitization for violence is important. All subjects performed a three-stimulus oddball task to investigate how the short-term violent media game experience influences the amplitude and latency of P300 component, when individuals view violent emotional pictures. The ERP data indicated that the violent game player’s P300 amplitude was significantly larger than non-violent game player’s when they view three type images (violent images, non-violent images and neutral images. These results confirm that short-term exposure to violent media games induces sensitization to violent cues rather than desensitization. Playing violent games also leads to emotional arousal.

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The Context Effects of Preferences for Intuitive and Analytic Decision Strategies Huang Linyan, Li Hong, Xu Jihong 2013, 11(6):  739-745.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2565KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of the present study was to examine how the context influences individual strategy preferences. We conducted two experiments on the explicit and implicit levels respectively, investigating to what extent people tend to adopt intuitive or deliberative decision strategies under the situations of emergency and consumption. Main findings are listed as follows: (1) On both of the explicit and implicit levels, people preferred to an intuitive strategy under emergence situation. (2) On both of the explicit and implicit levels, people preferred to deliberative strategy under consumption situation. (3) People more tended to use deliberative strategy than intuitive strategy no matter under either of the situations. The conclusion is that the context of emergency is more likely to prime intuitive strategy, while the context of consumption tends to prime deliberative strategy.

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Neural Correlates of Compound Remote Associate Problems: An ERP Study Tan Gang, Hou Yuling, Cao Zhipeng 2013, 11(6):  746-751.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2094KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The electrophysiological correlates of Chinese compound remote associate problems solving were studied using event-related potentials (ERPs). Results showed that Insight condition (strong Aha feeling) elicited a more negative ERP deflection (LNC1) than did Non-Insight condition (no Aha feeling) in the time window of 800-1600ms. Dipole source analysis showed that the generators of LNC1 were localized in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which might be related to break mental sets during insight problem solving. Then, a greater slow negative ERP deflection (LNC2) in Insight condition as compared to Non-Insight condition was observed in the time window of 1800-2300ms. Dipole source analysis showed that the generator of LNC2 was localized in the precuneus, which might be involved in forming novel associations.

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The Influence of Mental Fatigue on Cognitive Control and Motivation in the Research on Peripheral Physiological Mechanisms Zhu Zhaohong, Ma Xiao, Zhang Junfeng 2013, 11(6):  752-758.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2531KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The effects of mental fatigue on cognition control and the accompanying changes in autonomic nervous were assessed. Subjects performed a Flanker task for 1 h without rest, and were motivated to continue task for 20 minutes. Subjective levels of fatigue, performance measures and HRV were recorded. From the results, we found that subjects fatigue ratings increased,suggesting that the 1 h of task performance resulted in an increase in mental fatigue. Misses increased with time on task. Time domain measures of HRV and LF increased, while HF and LF/HF recovered to baseline with time on task. Time domain measures of HRV and HF increased, while LF decreased to baseline after motivated. Thus, we speculate that subjects with more sympathetic-and less parasympathetic-related modulation will be less capable of inhibiting responses because of mental fatigue, After motivated, parasympathetic-related modulation is hypoactive and as a result performance increase.

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Relationship of University Teachers’ Stress and Coping Style With Job Burnout Jia Xuji,Lin Chongde 2013, 11(6):  759-764.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2095KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aims to explore the effects of coping style in the relationship of occupational stress and job burnout. 385 university teachers participated in the study and completed the questionnaires of occupational stress,coping style and job burnout. The result shows that negative coping style,occupational stress and job burnout was positively related;and positive coping style was significantly negatively related to job burnout. Moreover,negative coping style partially mediated occupational stress and job burnout. Meanwhile,positive coping style modulated occupational stress and job burnout.

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Relationships of Occupational Burnout and Psychological Health:the Intermediary and regulatory role of Psychological Capital Structure Liu Jianping, Fu Dan 2013, 11(6):  765-769.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1754KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aims to explore the teachers' psychological capital structure in universities and the reliability and validity of the psychological capital questionnaire. Through the analysis of the teachers' psychological capital, mental health status and occupation burnout status in universities, the study further explores the mediating and moderating effects of the teachers' psychological capital on their mental health status and occupation burnout. The subjects are 304 teachers from three high Schools in Jiangxi province. The questionnaire survey and individual interview are the main research methods. The revults shows that the teachers' psychological capital questionnaire in universities has good reliability and validity, and it can be used for the university's teachers; The teachers' psychological health, occupation burnout and psychological capital in universities have significant correlation; and psychological capital plays an mediating role and regulatory role on mental health and occupation burnout.

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A Preliminary Construction of Team Creativity Scale for the Research Team in Institution of Higher Education Zhou Xiang, Zhang Zeyu , Wang Haiting, Zeng Hui 2013, 11(6):  770-774.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1692KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the recent research results, the team creativity contains four dimensions: team member, creating procedure, creative climate and innovation achievements. This paper compiled Team Creativity Scale for Research Team in Institution of Higher Education on the basis of items collecting, questionnaire designing and analysis. The statistical result of the research indicates that this scale is composed of four dimensions that are creativity of team members, creative interactive process, meaning and value of team work, creative team climate. This 23-items scale includes one detecting lie item and shows a good reliability and validity.

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The Development Counterfactual Emotion and its Influential Factors of Children From 5 to 12 Years Tong Wei,Yang Ze,Yao Chunrong 2013, 11(6):  774-779.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2381KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study mainly explored the cause of counterfactual emotion and its influential factors. In experiment 1,self-other factor and situation factor were set as independent variables to explore the two factors’ effect on the counterfactual emotion as the dependent variable. The results of experiment 1 showed that children from senior classes of kindergarten can experience regret and relief. Only preschool students are influenced by self-other factor, and subjects preformaned differently in different situation. In the experiment 2,by setting the situations,we contrasted counterfactual emotional strength of the children who had expecting outcome and that of the subjects who have no expecting outcome. The results of experiment 2 showed that whether or not having expectations would indeed influence the subjects’ initial emotional experiences.

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Environmental Values and Pro-environmental Behaviors of College Students:Mediating Role of Environmental Concern Liu Xianwei, Wu Jianping 2013, 11(6):  780-785.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2136KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Methods of questionnaires were employed to investigate 1034 college students in Beijing and Inner Mongolia. The relationship among environmental concern, environmental values and pro-environmental behaviors and the mediator effect of environmental concern were examined. The results indicated that: (1) The level of female students’environmental concern was significantly higher than that of male students. Mongolian students showed higher level of environmental concern than Han and the current minority nationality participants (2) Altruistic and egoistic influenced two types of pro-environmental behaviors directly. Environmental concern played a completely mediating role in the relation between biospheric value and private behavior and a partial mediating role in the relation between egoistic value andprivate behavior.

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Development of the Positive Development Questionnaire for College Students Gai Xiaosong,Lan Gongrui 2013, 11(6):  786-791.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2148KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The aim of this research is to develop the positive development questionnaire for college students. The items of the positive development questionnaire for college students were compiled according to interview and open questionnaire investigation. Based on the preliminary survey of 1749 college students and formal survey of 948 college students,ten factors were constructed for the questionnaire,namely active and optimistic,strive and insist,leadership,caring,confidence,autonomy,prudent,love of Learning,flexible and innovate,interests and curiosity. The analysis indicates that the positive development questionnaire for college students had acceptable internal consistency reliability,and had positive relations with life satisfaction,academic record,peer nomination point,and had negative relation with University Personality Inventory. Therefore,the questionnaire is an effective tool to assess the positive development of college students.

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Development of University Teachers’ Job Characteristics Questionnaire Zhao Yueqiang , Li Hongyu , Cui Yingwen, He Yisu 2013, 11(6):  792-795.  Abstract ( )   PDF (460KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics We examine the reliability and validity of self-developed university teachers’ job characteristics questionnaire based on reviewing research of job characteristic. The questionnaire was formally tested by 560 teachers of 12 universities in Tianjin. On the basis of the preliminary survey,the final draft includes 17 items and is divided into four dimensions: skill variety, task significance,autonomy and feedback,which has the overall model better fitting degree,shows that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity. It would be used as a suitable evaluation tool of university teachers’ job characteristics.

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Abusive Supervision and Normative Commitment: The Mediation Effects of Followership Ding Guifeng, Zhang Pengtao 2013, 11(6):  796-800.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1729KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This research aimed to explore the relationship between abusive supervision perceived by followers and followers’ normative commitment, examining the mediation effects of followership between abusive supervision and normative commitment. 700 employees from enterprises and institutions were completed the questionnaires of abusive supervision, followership and normative commitment. The results showed that abusive supervision significantly and negatively predicted normative commitment; Followership significantly and positively predicted normative commitment; Followership fully mediated the relationship between abusive supervision and normative commitment.

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Empirical evidence of Organizational Justice’s impact on Organizational Silence:The Moderating Effects of collectivism Li Chaoping,Deng Rui 2013, 11(6):  801-805.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1600KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore relationships among organizational justice,organizational silence and collectivism,265 nurses from two hospital were invited to fill the questionnaire composed by organizational justice Scale,organizational silence scale and individualism/ collectivism scale. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that procedural justice and distributive justice were powerful negative predictors of acquiescence silence;distributive justice and interactional justice were powerful negative predictor of disregardful silence and defensive silence. The results of regression also showed that collectivism moderated the relationship between distributive Justice and acquiescence Silence.

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Risk Payoff Rate Model of Decision Making:The Supplement to Prospect Theory Zhang Wei,Cheng Long 2013, 11(6):  806-812.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2715KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Utility theory (Markowitz,1952) and three reference-point theory (Wang,2002) proved that people held a fourfold pattern of risk attitudes, namely risk seeking for small gains and risk aversion for small losses; risk aversion for large gains and risk seeking for large losses,which meant that there were three reference points when people made decisions. The two theories gave a more accurate description of individual behavior under risk than prospect theory,but they still took absolute value of gains and losses as reference points. In the current study,it was hypothesized and verified that in the evaluation phase the value taken into consideration was relative to wealth named payoff rate and there did exist three reference points. The three points divided the value function into four parts as gain area,non-gain area,loss area and non-loss area. When the gain was higher than gain point or the loss was lower than loss point,the decision principle was the same as prospect theory. Otherwise the value function of the concave and convex reversed,which meant people were risk seeking for gains and risk aversion for loses. Decision-maker did evaluation after the framing phase.

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Empirical Analysis of Impact Factors on Undergraduate VillageOffcials’ Work Adjustment Tong Huijie, Liu Xuan 2013, 11(6):  813-818.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1984KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relation among personality,work value,career planning,work adjustment and job performance,550 undergraduate village officials from eastern,northern,southern,northeastern,southwestern and central part of China were investigated by questionnaires. The results show that: (1) indices of the model of impact factors on work adjustment are acceptable,personality and career planning have significant predictive effect on work adjustment and job performance,work adjustment partially mediates the relationship between personality,career planning and job performance; (2) work value has no significant predictive effect on job performance,and work adjustment totally mediates the relationship between work value and job performance; (3) career planning exerts moderating effect on the relationship between work value and work adjustment.

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Eye Movement of Applicability of Humorous Print Advertisements Yang Haibo, Liu Dianzhi, Zhou Qiuhong 2013, 11(6):  819-824.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2410KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The purpose of the study is to investigate which type of merchandise the humorous print ads is more suited. Product Color Matrix is used as the standard classification for merchandises. Univariate Analysis of Variance was applied to process the data, among which the fact whether humor is used in advertisement was independent variable. The evaluation and The order of the ads were covariates. The impression, preference, purchase intention toward the merchandise and eye movement index(time to first fixation, density of first fixation duration,and density of fixation count)were dependent variables.The resuct shows that functional and low risk Blue goods is suited to use humorous printed ads. Only the impression left by Blue goods reached significant difference between humorous ad and factual ads.

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The Role of Personal versus Intersubjective Mental Health Literacy in Seeking Professional Psychological Help Gao Wenjun, Li Qiang 2013, 11(6):  825-831.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2571KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study examined the role of mental health literacy measured at both personal and intersubjective level in professional help-seeking. 557 community residents from 13 different regions of China and 555 undergraduates from three universities in Tianjin were recruited to complete a battery of questionnaires. The results showed that at both personal and intersubjective level, people generally believed that mental illness was caused by external environmental factors rather than internal biological or dispositional factors, and that mental health services were effective, and that the stigma associated with professional psychological help-seeking is low. Moreover, there were correlations as well as significant discrepancies between personal beliefs and the corresponding intersubjective beliefs. Both personal and intersubjective beliefs were significantly associated with help-seeking intention, while the correlation between personal literacy and help-seeking intentions is stronger than that between intersubjective literacy and help-seeking intentions. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of mental health literacy in professional psychological help-seeking from the perspective of social influence.

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Sandplay Therapy For An Adolescent Girl With Social Phobia Zhang Wen,Zhang Risheng 2013, 11(6):  832-837.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2658KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the psychotherapeutic process and effect of sandplay therapy for Social Phobia. An Adolescent girl diagnosed by DSM-IV-TR with Social Phobia was given 14 sessions of individual sandplay therapy. Results showed that her communication anxiety and avoidance behaviors had been improved,her nervous emotions in social occasions had been lightened,and her inner positive self-concept had been established and healthy personality had been developed during the series of sandplay therapy sessions.

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The Chinese Version of Civic Moral Disengament Scale Wang Xingchao, Yang Jiping, Gao Ling 2013, 11(6):  838-842.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1665KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study was designed to revise the Civic Moral Disengagement Scale (CMDS) developed by Caprara in three samples. CMDS was administered to 631 college students, and 819 full-time employees. The results show that eight-factor model was suitable to the CMDS in China. Moral disengagement had a negatively relation with moral identity, and had a positively relation with aggressive behavior. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the measures were above 0.90, showing good measurement reliabilities. The criterion validity of the CMDS was acceptable.

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The Distributive Effects of Subject-Verb Agreement Production and its Theories Hu Shanshan, Liu Ningning, Chen Baoguo 2013, 11(6):  843-848.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2384KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The distributive errors of subject-verb agreement are made when the verbs that speakers produce agree with the conceptual number of the subject instead of its grammatical number. In earlier research, there is an assumption that the production of verbs in languages with rich morphology, i.e. Spanish and French, are more sensitive to the notional number of the subject, and therefore more distributive errors are made. This is called the maximalist view. However, recent research support an opposite model that the production of verbs in languages with rich morphology are less sensitive to the notional number of the subject, and less distributive errors are made. This is called the minimalist view. A direct paradigm is needed in future studies to investigate the influence of notional number on distributive errors. Furthermore, the difference of the paradigms used in various studies should be considered when interpreting the results of the study.

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Work Passion in Organization Li Hongli,Yu Qiaoling 2013, 11(6):  849-853.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1867KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Work passion is a strong inclination toward a self-defined job activity that individuals like and invest time and energy. Work passion as a hot topic in organizational behavior propelled the past programs of emotional labor, work motivation, and work engagement. The antecedents of developing work passion comprises of employees’ values, personality, work-family relationship and other variables, and the effect of work passion can make effect on performance, creativity and psychological adjustment. The present studies majorly focus on the group of sportsman, entrepreneurs, angles investors, and teachers. The future study of work passion can be conducted focusing on (1) how the employees’ values and moral development level affect their work passion; (2) how the managers develop and maintain job passion in the virtual groups; (3) how the job design can fit well the relationship between job post and the type of work passion; and (4) how the organizational variables, such as group cohesion and autonomy support can affect passion in long term.

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Neural Mechanisms of Self-Control and Impulsivity in Reward Decision-Making Wang Yujiao, Zhang Qinglin, Wei Shiyuan, Zeng Jianmin 2013, 11(6):  854-859.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2299KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In reward decision-making, self-control is the choice pattern of resisting instant temptation in order to gain more valuable or long-run benefits, while impulsivity is the opposite preference. In different decision phases, different neural regions play roles in the spatial orientation of brain regions of self-control and impulsivity: in early stage of decisionmaking, limbic or paralimbic cortex, including ventral striatum, ventral medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, involve in both self-controlled and impulsive decisions; in later period of decision-making, fronto-parietal and dorsolateral area mainly play an important role in self-controlled decisions, while limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex possibly play a dominate part in impulsive decisions. In addition, seen from point of reward types, secondary rewards share some brain regions such as limbic cortical with primary rewards, as well as its unique areas such as orbitofrontal cortex. With respect to ERP studies of time course, self-controlled and impulsive decisions will give rise to amplitude of fluctuation of some ERP components, such as early component P1 and N1, later component P3, ERN and so on. The future research should investigate the independent effect of each subregion and their interactive effects, incorporating more precise experimental design and brain location results.