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20 November 2018, Volume 16 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Processing of Morpheme and Lexical of two-character Affects the Selection of Saccade Target During Chinese Reading ZHAO Bingjie, WANG Yongsheng, CHEN Mingjing, LI Xin, YAN Guoli, BAI Xuejun 2018, 16(6):  721-734.  Abstract ( )   PDF (770KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In two experiments, we investigated whether character processing affect the saccade target selection in Chinese reading. In Experiment 1, we manipulate the frequency of target word and the initial character of the word. In Experiment 2, we manipulate the frequency of target word and the second character of the word. These results indicate that when target words were low frequency, the incoming saccade lengths were longer on words with low frequency second character than on words with high frequency second character. In addition, When the progressive saccade that was launched from the second character and the target word is a low-frequency words, the length of outgoing saccade were longer on words with high frequency second character than on words with low frequency second character. The properties of words in a fixated region not only affect the saccade target selection but the fixation time. The incoming and outgoing saccade lengths were longer on words with high frequency than on words with low frequency. These findings suggest that the processing of characters and word affects the eye movement control, but the role of the characters is influenced by word processing. The strategy for saccade target selection in Chinese reading is conducted in the way of combination word and character.

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Development of Lexical Planning Scope in Speech Production: Evidence from Primary, Middle School and Undergraduate Students ZHAO Liming, LIAN Yuan, LI Weijun 2018, 16(6):  735-743.  Abstract ( )   PDF (667KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study took the semantic interference effect of the picture-word interference paradigm as an index to examine the lexical planning scope of three age levels coming from colleges, middle schools, and primary schools respectively. Participants produced sentences containing three referents each. For both the undergraduate students and the middle school students, there was a semantic interference effect only for the first noun, indicating a radically incremental pattern for lexical planning. For the primary school students, the semantic interference effect was absent for all the three nouns, indicating that primary school students have not stably completed the lexical selection for the first noun before speech onset. These findings indicated an individual difference on the lexical planning scope, mainly between the primary and middle school students.

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Language Switching and Switching Cost in Language Comprehension of Tibetan-Chinese Bilinguals With Different Proficiency Levels GAO Lei, GAO Xiaolei, BAI Xuejun, CHEN Meixiang, GUO Zhiying 2018, 16(6):  744-750.  Abstract ( )   PDF (636KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics In this study, we chose Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals to perform the word recognition task. For these bilinguals, Tibetan is their mother tongue and Chinese is their second language. According to the level of Chinese of the subjects, we divided them into two groups, that is, the proficient and nonproficient bilinguals. In this experiment, we set up three conditions, namely, the no switching, expected switching, and no expected switching conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the essentials of language switching and switching costs between Tibetan and Chinese. The results were as follows:1) under the three conditions, the reaction times of Chinese words of proficient and nonproficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals were significantly shorter than that of Tibetan words, while the error rate of Chinese words was significantly lower than that of Tibetan words. 2) Compared switching condition with no switching condition, the reaction speed of the former was slower, the error rate of the former was higher, they all reached a significant level. The switching costs were observed. 3) Compared proficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals with nonproficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals, the reaction times of Chinese of the former were shorter, the error rate of the former was lower, they all reached a significant level. For conclusion, in the process of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual's language switching, there was switching cost. The findings support the hypothesis of inhibition that the switching cost of proficient Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals was smaller.

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Culturalist Versus Polyculturalist: Evidence From Mongolian College Students' Scene-perception by Eye-movement Technology HE Hu, LI Jie, HOU You, BAO Hugjilt, TIAN Ying, LIU Min 2018, 16(6):  751-756.  Abstract ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Using Eye-movement technology, the present study aim to investigate the feature of Han and Mongolian college students'cognitive process in the Scene-perception. The study finds that Inner Mongolian and Han college students are more concerned with the context, while Outer Mongolian college students are more focused on the salient objects. It suggests that both the cultural difference and blending can influence individual's cognitive processes. In summary, our study support that the social constructionist theory of ethnicity and polycultural psychology.

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The Effects of Background Graph and Perceptual Fluency on Meaningful Text Learning ZHANG Jinkun, LIU Xiaoqian, YANG Lixian 2018, 16(6):  757-762.  Abstract ( )   PDF (978KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on desirable difficulty theory and disfluency theory, disfluency prosessing can benefit learning. However according to cognitive load theory, disfluency perceived during learning may bring extra cognitive load thus impair learning outcome. A 2(perceptual fluency:fluency, disfluency) ×3(background information:relevant, irrelevant, control) between subject experiment was conducted to investigate how cognitive load (valued by relevant level of background information) and perceptual fluency interact when learning meaningful text. The results showed that, the main effect of two variables was significant, which turned out that subjects learned better when presented fluent material, and relevant background information led to better performance than the other two conditions. The interaction effect was significant:Under fluency condition, subjects who were provided relevant background information learned better than subjects provided irrelevant information or none (control), and there was no significant difference between the latter two. Under disfluency condition, there was no significant difference between different levels of background information. These results indicated that for meaningful material learning, enhancing the perceptual fluency and providing relevant background information should be more desirable ways, which is consistent with the theory of cognitive load.

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The Effects of Affective Priming on Attentional Bias Among Individuals With Low Self-esteem ZHANG Lihua, LI Na, LIU Jie, DAI Jiaxing 2018, 16(6):  763-770.  Abstract ( )   PDF (721KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics The present study included two experiments. In experiment 1, we used the pictures of faces displaying emotion as the experimental materials and adopted the dot-probe paradigm to study the attentional bias characteristics of subjects with high and low self-esteem. In experiment 2, we adopted the repetition priming paradigm and dot-probe paradigm to explore the effects of affective priming on attentional bias of individuals with low self-esteem. We can conclude that individuals with low self-esteem tend to pay more attention to angry faces, thus indicating a negative bias in low self-esteem subjects; Affective priming has a significant effect on attentional bias of low self-esteem individuals.Under positive affective priming condition, the negative bias of low self-esteem individuals is improved obviously.Under the condition of negative affective priming, the attentional bias effect of individuals with low self-esteem is stronger than that under controlled conditions.Negative affective priming increased the negative attentional bias of individuals with low self-esteem.

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The Influence of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty and Environmental Scanning on Cognitive Change——The Moderating Effect of Need for Cognitive Closure and Need for Cognition HE Yiqing, SUN Ying 2018, 16(6):  771-778.  Abstract ( )   PDF (626KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics By investigating 426 undergraduate students, we examined the relationship between Perceived Environmental Uncertainty (PEU) and cognitive change (CC), identified the mediating effect of environmental scanning (ES) and moderating effect of Need for Cognitive Closure (NFCC) and Need for Cognition (NFC). The results indicated that:1) PEU is positively related to CC and ES serves as a mediator; 2) NFCC can negatively moderate the relationship between PEU and ES; 3) NFC can directly promote ES, but negatively moderate the relationship between ES and CC.

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A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Changes in Chinese College Students' Coping Style XIN Sufei, LIU Lijun, XIN Ziqiang, LIN Chongde 2018, 16(6):  779-785.  Abstract ( )   PDF (706KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted to examine the changes of Chinese college students' coping style using Xiao's Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ) in the past 15 years. In all, 67 papers (N=35332) were included between 2001 and 2015. The results showed that:1) In the past 15 years, scores of "solving problems" and "seeking help" were significantly positively correlated with the year of data collection. In general, Chinese college students are more inclined to use positive coping styles when they encounter problems. 2) Except for "solving problems" with male college students and "seeking help" with female college students, both male and female college students had significantly increasing trends of using other coping styles. There was no significant gender difference in scores of all coping styles.

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The Relationship Between High Grade Pupils' Parenting Styles and Academic Procrastination: The Mediating Effect of Time Management Disposition ZHENG Zhiguo, LIU Jianping, DONG Shenghong, JIANG Yan, LIAO Hua 2018, 16(6):  786-792.  Abstract ( )   PDF (671KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study investigated the relationship between the elementary students' parenting style and academic procrastination,and detect the effects of time management disposition on children's parenting style as well as the mediating role of academic procrastination.Totally,651 older pupils including four-six graders were randomly surveyed. Data analysis revealed that:Father's rearing style as emotional warmth and understanding, punishment and strictness, rejection and mother's emotional warmth and understanding, punishment and strictness, rejection, over involvement and protection were not directly correlated to the academic procrastination, while positively correlated to time efficacy and partly correlated to time monitor and time value. Time monitor and time efficacy played a completely mediating role in the model of parenting styles. It is believed that positive parenting style help individuals to form a reasonable tendency of time management and may reduce their academic procrastination to a certain extent.

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Family Income and Adolescents' Social Adaptation: The Mediation Effects of Family Social Capital DENG Xiaoping, LIU Siyao, ZHANG Xiangkui 2018, 16(6):  793-800.  Abstract ( )   PDF (654KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics A survey with a sample of 418 primary school students was conducted to explore the mediating effects of family social capital in the relationship between family income and social adaptation among Chinese adolescents. Results were as follows:1) After controlling for gender and age, family financial strain significantly contributed to adolescents' social adaptation; 2) Consistent with the mediation hypothesis, family social capital played a mediating role in the relationship between family financial strain and academic achievement, loneliness, and peer acceptance. Therefore, the hypothesis of family investment model how family income affects adolescents' development was confirmed.

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Effects of Government Support, Organizational Support and Competency on Occupational Well-being Among Kindergarten Teachers: Mediating Effect of Occupational Identity WANG Gang, FAN Yong, HUANG Xu, LIU Xianqiang, WANG Delin 2018, 16(6):  801-809.  Abstract ( )   PDF (683KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study aimed at exploring the effects of government support, organizational support, competency and occupational identity on occupational well-being among kindergarten teachers. Participants were 462 kindergarten teachers in Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hubei and Beijing who completed a set of questionnaires including kindergarten teachers' occupational well-being scale, kindergarten teachers' competency questionnaire, kindergarten teachers' occupational identity questionnaire, government support questionnaire and perceived organizational support questionnaire. The results showed that:(1) Government support, organizational support and competency as protective factors increased kindergarten teachers' occupational well-being. And the protective effect of organizational support is the biggest among these protective factors. (2) Occupational identity mediated the effects of government support, organizational support and competency on kindergarten teachers' occupational well-being. These results contribute not only to the development of JD-R model of occupational well-being, but also to the improvement of occupational well-being among kindergarten teachers.

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Study on the Competence Characteristics Components of Officers in County Bureau of Statistics JIANG Qinde, LIN Chongde, CAI Yonghong, MENG Jingyi 2018, 16(6):  810-818.  Abstract ( )   PDF (634KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Competence is the sum of all personal characteristics that have causal relationships with superior performance. Based on the Grounded Theory Analysis of the transcripts of 27 county statistical bureau officers' Critical Incident Interviews and Behavioral Event Interviews, 60 competence characteristics components' concepts were extracted and defined by open coding. A questionnaire on the importance of competence characteristics components was compiled and 103 county bureau officers were surveyed. 59 competence characteristics components were obtained. 17 categories were identified by correlative coding. 4 dimensions were identified by axial coding, named as:professional agency, business ability, policy level and legal awareness, ethics and leadership.

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The Impact of Benevolent Leadership on Employees' Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Role of Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi and Power Distance ZHAO Shenran, KANG Mengmeng, WANG Minghui, PENG Cui 2018, 16(6):  819-826.  Abstract ( )   PDF (689KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Drawing on 244 dyads of employees and their immediate supervisors, the study attemptes to probe the mechanism of the impact of the benevolent leadership on employees' workplace pro-environmental behavior, especially to explore the mediating role of the supervisor-subordinate guanxi and the moderating role of the employees' power distance in Chinese organizational context. The results indicate that benevolent leadership shows a positive effect on workplace pro-environmental behavior; Supervisor-subordinate guanxi plays a full mediating role between benevolent leadership and employees' workplace pro-environmental behavior; Power distance moderates the relationship between benevolent leadership and supervisor-subordinate guanxi. Specifically, benevolent leadership is more positively related to supervisor-subordinate guanxi when the subordinate's sense of power distance is weak, and vice versa.

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The Effect of Delay Joint Benefits in Resource Dilemmas: The Moderating Role of Temporal Discounting SUN Hongri, XIONG Yujiao 2018, 16(6):  827-833.  Abstract ( )   PDF (615KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics To explore the relationship between the delay joint benefits and individual decision in resource dilemmas and the moderating effect of temporal discounting, 83 undergraduates accomplished the inter-temporal choice task and the hypothetical gold-coin-taking tasks in which there are different time intervals. The results showed that:1) the amount of gold coin which was taken increased with interval rising, and the increase rate over time and the amount of gold participants took at the first time interval were significant individual difference; 2) The moderating role of temporal discounting was negative for the amount of gold participants took at the first time interval and was positive for the increasing rate over time. These results indicated that resource dilemmas and inter-temporal choice are two strongly related areas, which is significant for the conservation of resources.

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Value Orientation Moderates the Effect of Self-others Decision on Fairness Norm Enforcement YANG Shaofeng, QI Chunhui, ZHANG Zhichao, ZHANG Zhen 2018, 16(6):  834-840.  Abstract ( )   PDF (685KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Social value orientation (SVO) refers to a preference for particular patterns of outcomes for self in relation to others in situations of interdependence, and can affect individual's perception and reaction to unfairness. Meanwhile, the self-other decision making is another important factor influencing people's norm enforcement. However, it is still unclear how SVO and social distance influence people's reaction to unfairness. The present study investigated whether social distance and social value orientation influences individual's fairness norm enforcement during a one-shot Ultimatum Game (UG). Forty adults with two different SVO types participated had to accept or reject a series of 10 ultimatum offers for themselves and strangers respectively. The results showed that 1) compared to deciding for themselves, cooperators accepted more unfair offer when deciding for strangers, yet individualists made similar decisions in both conditions. 2) cooperators' acceptance threshold was higher when deciding for themselves than for strangers, while individualists had similar fair standard in both conditions. These finding suggests that SVO moderates the effect of self-others decision on responses to low ultimatum offers.

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The Effect of Paternalistic Leadership on the Voice Behavior of Employees: Mediated by Organizational Identification SHEN Xiangying, MU Guibin 2018, 16(6):  841-846.  Abstract ( )   PDF (605KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics This study was to explore the influences of paternalistic leadership on employee's voice behavior, and the mediating effect of organizational identification between paternalistic leadership and voice behavior. The data were collected from 316 employees by the three scales of PLS, organizational identification, and voice behavior. The results of hierarchical regression analysis (HRA) and Bootstrap analysis procedures showed that superior's benevolence leadership, moral leadership, and authority leadership all had significant positive effect on voice behavior; organizational identification both had significant and positive effect on prohibitive voice behavior and promotive voice behavior. Besides, the employees' organizational identification is one of the important factors affecting the voice behavior, and playing partial intermediary role respectively between benevolence, moral leadership and voice behavior.

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Development and Validation of Psychological Crisis Vulnerability Scale GUO Jing, WANG Ying, JI Lili, JIA Liping, LU Guohua 2018, 16(6):  847-853.  Abstract ( )   PDF (635KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics Based on the literature analysis and specialist assessment, we developed the initial Crisis Vulnerability Scale through interviews and questionnaires. Then we revised it by item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and the formal questionnaire was comprised of four dimensions:challenge capacity, coping capacity, support capacity, resilience capacity. The results indicated that the questionnaire has good internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and content validity, construct validity and criterion related validity. The questionnaire satisfies the psychometrice requirements, and it could be used as a tool for measuring crisis vulnerability.

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Deaf College Student Adjustment Scale JIANG Kun, TAO Jiayu, MENG Zhu, LIU Tuo, LIU Haihan, LI Chengfeng 2018, 16(6):  854-859.  Abstract ( )   PDF (603KB) ( )   References | Related Articles | Metrics There is no generally accepted and widely used standardized tool to assess the adaptability of Chinese deaf college students. The present paper revised the "Chinese College Student Adjustment Scale (CCSAS)", and tried to develop it for the deaf college students. There are 872 deaf college students as participants. The results are as followings:1) The revised scale included four dimensions:learning, interpersonal relationship, career choice, and emotion. 2) The reliability and validity of the Deaf College Student Adjustment Scale are up to the psychological measurements requirements. In conclusion, the revised scale could be used as a valid and standardized tool to measure the adaptability of Chinese deaf college students.